This is the second of two articles focused on the role of dress in the formulation of Hmong American cultural life. The first article focused on the performance of two versions of Hmong American New Year and how dress is used by Hmong Americans to make sense of their position between the cultural world of the past and contemporary American culture. This paper centers on the transmission and reconstruction of female gender roles in the American context as expressed through women's headdress worn to the Hmong American New Year celebration. Both uses of dress arose out of attempts to reconcile the cultural life of the past with their lives in the United States; both are expressed visually through the dressed and evaluated body within the context of the Hmong New Year celebration.
Babcock, B.A. (1986). Modeled selves: Helen Cordero's "Little People ". In V. W. Turner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), The anthropology of experience (pp. 316-343). Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
2.
Baizerman, M. & G. Hendricks. (1988). A study of Southeast Asian refugee youth in the twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Family Support Administration, Office of Refugee Resettlement.
3.
Baizerman, S. (1993). The Jewish kippa sruga and the social construction of gender in Israel. In R. Barnes & J. B. Eicher (Eds.), Dress and gender: Making and meaning. Oxford: Berg.
4.
Barnes, R. & Eicher, J.B. (1993). Dress and gender: Making and meaning. Oxford: Berg.
Bruner, E.M. (1986). Experience and its expressions. In V. W. Turner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), The anthropology of experience (pp. 3-32). Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
7.
Burgess, R. (1984). Field research: A source book and field manual . London: George Allen and Unwin .
8.
Cubbs, J. (1986). Hmong art: Tradition and change. In J. M. Kohler Arts Center (Ed.), Hmong art: Tradition and change (pp. 21-30). Sheboygan, WI: John Michael Kohler Arts Center.
9.
Daly, M.C. (1985). Kalabari female appearance and the tradition of Iria. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 3082a.
10.
Denzin, N. (1978a). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11.
Denzin, N. (1978b). Sociological methods: A sourcebook. New York: McGraw Hill.
12.
Detzner, D.F. (1992). Conflict in Southeast Asian refugee families: A life history approach. In J. Gilgun, K. Daly, & G. Handel (Eds.), Qualitative methods in family research (pp. 85-102). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13.
Eder, D. & S. Parker. (1987). The cultural production and reproduction of gender: The effect of extracurricular activities on peer-group culture . Sociology of Education, 60 (July), 200-213.
14.
Eicher, J.B., & M.E. Roach-Higgins . (1993). Describing dress: A system for classifying and defining. In R. Barnes & J. B. Eicher (Eds.), Dress and Gender: Making and meaning in cultural context. Oxford, England: Berg.
15.
Eisenhart, M.A. & D.C. Holland. (1983). Learning gender from peers: The role of peer groups in the cultural transmission of gender. Human Organization, 42(4), 321-333.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
18.
Goldstein, B.L. (1986). Resolving sexual assault: Hmong and the American legal system. In G. L. Hendricks, B. T. Downing & A. S. Deinard (Eds.), The Hmong in transition (pp. 135-143). New York: Center for Migration Studies.
19.
Hamilton, J. & J.W. Hamilton . (1989). Dress as a reflection and sustainer of social reality: A cross-cultural perspective. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 7(2), 16-22.
20.
Hammond, R. (1991, March 27 - April 2). Call it rape. Twin Cities Reader, pp. 7-11.
21.
Hodder, I. (1989). The meanings of things: Material culture and symbolic expression. London: Unwin Hyman .
22.
Hutchinson, R. & NcNall, M. (1994). Early marriage in a Hmong cohort. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(3), 579-589.
23.
Lynch, A. (1992). Hmong American New Year's dress: A material culture approach (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 228B.
24.
Lynch, A. (1995). Hmong American New Year's dress: The display of ethnicity. In J. B. Eicher (Ed.) Dress and Ethnicity. Oxford, England: Berg.
25.
Lynch, A., D. Detzner& J.B. Eicher. (1995). Hmong American New Year Rituals: Generational bonds through dress. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal , 13(2), 111-120.
26.
Office of Refugee Resettlement, Social Security Administration. (1984). The Hmong Resettlement Study. Port-land, Oregon: Literacy and Language Program, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
27.
Turner, V.W. (1988). The anthropology of performance. New York: PAJ Publications.
28.
Turner, V.W., & E.M. Bruner. (1986). The anthropology of experience. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
