A Comparison of Ultrasound Imaging Texture Analyses During the Early Postpartum With the Mode of Delivery

Abstract

Chinese

Background:

Breastfeeding is beneficial to infants. However, cesarean section is reported to be a risk factor for unsuccessful breastfeeding.

Research Aims:

(1) To extract discriminating data from texture analysis of breast ultrasound images in the immediate postpartum period; and (2) to compare the analysis results according to delivery mode.

Methods:

A cross-sectional, prospective non-experimental design with a questionnaire and observational components was used. Participants (N = 30) were women who delivered neonates at a center from September 2020 to December 2020. The participants underwent ultrasound examination of bilateral breasts 7–14 days after delivery. Ultrasound images were collected for texture analysis. A questionnaire about breastfeeding patterns was given to the participants on the day of the ultrasound examination.

Results:

No significant differences were found in texture analysis between the breasts of participants who had undergone Cesarean section and vaginal deliveries. The mean volume of total human milk produced in 1 day was significantly greater in the vaginal delivery group than in the cesarean section group (M = 350.87 ml, SD = 183.83 vs. M = 186.20 ml, SD = 184.02; p = .017). The pain score due to breast engorgement measured subjectively by participants was significantly lower in the vaginal delivery group than in the cesarean section group (M = 2.8, SD = 0.86 vs. M = 3.4, SD = 0.63; p = .047).

Conclusion:

Texture analysis of breast ultrasound images did not demonstrate difference between the cesarean section and vaginal delivery groups in the immediate postpartum period; nevertheless, cesarean section was independently associated with less successful breastfeeding.

Keywords

breastfeeding breast cesarean section cross-sectional study texture analysis ultrasound

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). Barriers to breastfeeding: Supporting initiation and continuation of breastfeeding: ACOG committee opinion, number 821. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 137(2), e54–e62. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004249

Al-Kadi

O. S.

Chung

D. Y.

Carlisle

R. C.

Coussios

C. C.

Noble

J. A.

(2015). Quantification of ultrasonic texture intra-heterogeneity via volumetric stochastic modeling for tissue characterization. Medical Image Analysis, 21(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2014.12.004

Babic

Sasamoto

Rosner

B. A.

Tworoger

S. S.

Jordan

S. J.

Risch

H. A.

Harris

H. R.

Rossing

M. A.

Doherty

J. A.

Fortner

R. T.

Chang-Claude

Goodman

M. T.

Thompson

P. J.

Moysich

K. B.

Ness

R. B.

Kjaer

S. K.

Jensen

Schildkraut

J. M.

Titus

L. J.

. . .Terry

K. L.

(2020). Association between breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk. JAMA Oncology, 6(6), e200421. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0421

Bar

Milanaik

Adesman

(2016). Long-term neurodevelopmental benefits of breastfeeding. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 28(4), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000389

Berens

Brodribb

(2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #20: Engorgement, revised 2016. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(4), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.29008.pjb

Binns

Lee

Low

W. Y.

(2016). The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515624964

Chen

Xia

Zhang

(2021). Identify the triple-negative and non-triple-negative breast cancer by using texture features of medicale ultrasonic image: A STROBE-compliant study. Medicine, 100(22), e25878. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025878

Chung

S. H.

Kim

H. R.

Choi

Y. S.

Bae

C. W.

(2013). Trends of breastfeeding rate in Korea (1994–2012): Comparison with OECD and other countries. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 28(11), 1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.11.1573

Del Ciampo

L. A.

Del Ciampo

(2018). Aleitamento materno e seus benefícios para a saúde da mulher. [Breastfeeding and the benefits of lactation for women’s health]. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetrician [Brazilian Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics], 40(6), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657766

10.

Gebejes

Huertas

(2013). Texture characterization based on greylevel co-occurrence matrix. Conference of Informatics and Management Sciences, 375–378.

11.

Gómez-Flores

Rodríguez-Cristerna

de Albuquerque Pereira

W. C.

(2019). Texture analysis based on auto-mutual information for classifying breast lesions with ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 45(8), 2213–2225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.03.018

12.

Guala

Boscardini

Visentin

Angellotti

Grugni

Barbaglia

Chapin

Castelli

Finale

(2017). Skin-to-skin contact in Cesarean birth and duration of breastfeeding: A cohort study. The Scientific World Journal, Article 1940756. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1940756

13.

Hay

Bærug

A. B.

(2019). Fordel med fullamming til seks måneder. [The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding up to six months]. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: Tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, [Journal of the Norwegian Medical: Journal of Practical MedicineAssociation, New Series], 139(9). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.19.0105.

14.

Hewage

S. S.

Koh

Soh

S. E.

Pang

W. W.

Fok

Cai

Müller-Riemenschneider

Yap

Tan

K. H.

Chua

M. C.

Lim

S. B.

Godfrey

K. M.

Colega

M. T.

Chong

Y. S.

Chan

S. Y.

Yoong

Chong

(2021). Breastfeeding duration and development of Dysglycemia in women who had gestational diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the GUSTO cohort study. Nutrients, 13(2), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020408

15.

Hobbs

A. J.

Mannion

C. A.

McDonald

S. W.

Brockway

Tough

S. C.

(2016). The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0876-1

16.

Horta

B. L.

de Sousa

B. A.

de Mola

C. L.

(2018). Breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 21(3), 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000453

17.

Hoyt-Austin

Dove

M. S.

Abrahão

Kair

L. R.

Schwarz

E. B.

(2020). Awareness that breastfeeding reduces breast cancer risk: 2015–2017 National Survey of Family Growth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 136(6), 1154–1156. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004162

18.

Johar

Mohamad

Saddki

Tengku Ismail

T. A.

Sulaiman

(2021). Factors associated with early breastfeeding initiation among women who underwent Cesarean delivery at tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 42(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.19.0178

19.

Kavle

J. A.

LaCroix

Dau

Engmann

(2017). Addressing barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and programmatic implications. Public Health Nutrition, 20(17), 3120–3134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017002531

20.

Kocaöz

F. Ş.

Destegül

Kocaöz

(2021). Comparison of the breastfeeding outcomes and self-efficacy in the early postpartum period of women who had given birth by cesarean under general or spinal anesthesia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 34(10), 1545–1549. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1639660

21.

C. M.

Moon

W. K.

Huang

C. S.

Chen

J. H.

Yang

M. C.

Chang

R. F.

(2015). Intensity-invariant texture analysis for classification of BI-RADS Category 3 breast Mmasses. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 41(7), 2039–2048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.003

22.

Mamakou

Chavredaki

(2020). Research on breastfeeding: A call to action. European Journal of Midwifery, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/117953

23.

Mercan

Tari Selcuk

(2021). Association between postpartum depression level, social support level and breastfeeding attitude and breastfeeding self-efficacy in early postpartum women. PloS one, 16(4), e0249538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249538

24.

Nam

J. Y.

Choi

Kim

Cho

K. H.

Park

E. C.

(2017). The synergistic effect of breastfeeding discontinuation and cesarean section delivery on postpartum depression: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.048

25.

Noel-Weiss

Boersma

Kujawa-Myles

(2012). Questioning current definitions for breastfeeding research. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-9

26.

Osapoetra

L. O.

Chan

Tran

Kolios

M. C.

Czarnota

G. J.

(2020). Comparison of methods for texture analysis of QUS parametric images in the characterization of breast lesions. PloS one, 15(12), e0244965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244965

27.

Osapoetra

L. O.

Sannachi

DiCenzo

Quiaoit

Fatima

Czarnota

G. J.

(2020). Breast lesion characterization using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and derivative texture methods. Translational Oncology, 13(10), 100827. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.tranon.2020.100827

28.

Perez-Moreno

Dominguez

Migliorelli

Gratacos

Palacio

Bonet-Carne

(2019). Clinical feasibility of quantitative ultrasound texture analysis: A robustness study using fetal lung ultrasound images. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 38(6), 1459–1476. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14824

29.

Qian

Chang

Zhang

(2019). Ultrasound imaging characteristics of breast lesions diagnosed during pregnancy and lactation. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(10), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0155

30.

Sannachi

Gangeh

Tadayyon

Gandhi

Wright

F. C.

Slodkowska

Curpen

Sadeghi-Naini

Tran

Czarnota

G. J.

(2019). Breast cancer treatment response monitoring using quantitative ultrasound and texture analysis: Comparative analysis of analytical models. Translational Oncology, 12(10), 1271–1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2019.06.004

31.

Scalco

Rizzo

(2017). Texture analysis of medical images for radiotherapy applications. The British Journal Of Radiology, 90(1070), 20160642. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160642

32.

Scheiber

F. A.

Segre

L. S.

O’Hara

M. W.

Taylor

Brock

R. L.

(2020). Maternal depression and breastfeeding in home visitation. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105490

33.

Shub

Miranda

Georgiou

H. M.

McCarthy

E. A.

Lappas

(2019). The effect of breastfeeding on postpartum glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0238-5

34.

Simpson

K. R.

(2019). Breastfeeding Challenges. [Editorial]. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 44(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000506

35.

Theurich

M. A.

McCool-Myers

Koletzko

(2021). Supporting breastfeeding of small, sick and preterm neonates. Seminars in Perinatology, 45(2), 151387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151387

36.

Vara

Rustici

Sechi

Mosconi

Lucidi

Golfieri

(2020). Texture analysis on ultrasound: The effect of time gain compensation on histogram metrics and gray-level matrices. Journal of Medical Physics, 45(4), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmp.JMP_82_20

37.

Varghese

B. A.

Cen

S. Y.

Hwang

D. H.

Duddalwar

V. A.

(2019). Texture analysis of imaging: What radiologists need to know. American Journal Of Roentgenology, 212(3), 520–528. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20624

38.

Wang

Fang

Liu

Song

Yan

(2020). Impact of intraoperative infusion and postoperative PCIA of dexmedetomidine on early breastfeeding after elective Cesarean section: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S241153

39.

Wen

Kong

Liu

Wei

(2020). An exploration of the breastfeeding behaviors of women after cesarean section: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.008

40.

Witt

Vatti

Lasko

Witt

A. M.

(2021). Team-based breastfeeding support at a federally qualified health center: Efficacy, utilization, and patient satisfaction. Breastfeeding Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0009.

41.

Yeung

C. A.

(2018). Paediatrics: Breastfeeding and dental health. British Dental Journal, 224(12), 917. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.488

42.

Zhang

Cheng

Yan

Bai

(2019). Early feeding behaviors and breastfeeding outcomes after Cesarean section. Breastfeeding, 14(5), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0150

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.05 MB

0.03 MB