A career dilemma is a hypothetical or real situation in which a character is confronted with several career options each of which has advantages and disadvantages. The main purpose of presenting and discussing a dilemma in career counseling groups is to confront several appraisals of the situation in order to promote more complex thinking about career choices. Another important aim of this technique is to enhance interaction between group members and to analyze similar career dilemmas that the group participants have experienced in the past. The use of the discussion of career dilemmas is described, especially the role of the career counselor, and some suggestions for future research are presented.
Arnold, J. (1997). Nineteen propositions concerning the nature of effective thinking for career management in a turbulent world. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 25, 447-462.
2.
Azevedo, J. (1999). Voos de borboleta: Escola, trabalho e profissão [Butterfly flights: School, work, and occupation]Porto : Asa.
3.
Berkowitz, M.W. (1985). The role of discussion in moral education. In M. W. Berkowitz, & F. Oser (Eds.), Moral education: Theory and application (pp. 197-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4.
Blocher, D.H. (2000). Counseling: A developmental approach (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
5.
Chisholm, L., & Hurrelmann, K. (1995). Adolescence in modern Europe: Pluralized transition patterns and their implications for personal and social risks. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 129-158.
6.
Cochran, L. (1997). Career counseling: A narrative approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7.
Collin, A., & Watts, A.G. (1996). The death and transfiguration of career—and of career guidance?British Journal of Guidance and Counselling , 24, 385-398.
8.
Dahlbäck, O. (1995). The scope of the rational choice perspective in sociological research. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 25, 237-261.
9.
Ellad, I. (1993). Career indecision of demobilized soldiers in Israel . Psychological Reports, 73, 1083-1088.
10.
Fouad, N.A. (1993). Cross-cultural vocational assessment. The Career Development Quarterly, 42, 4-13.
11.
Gelatt, H.B. (1989). Positive uncertainty: A new decision-making framework for counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 252-256.
12.
Gergen, K.J. (1992). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic.
13.
Hayes, R.L. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for counseling and human development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 261-267.
14.
Hughey, K.F., & Hughey, J.K. (1999). Preparing students for the future: Making career development a priority. Journal of Career Development, 25, 203-216.
15.
Jones, L.K. (1996). A harsh and challenging world of work: Implications for counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 453-459.
16.
Kelly, G.A. (1963). A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
17.
Kidd, J.M. (1998). Emotion: An absent presence in career theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 275-288.
18.
Kidd, J.M., & Killeen, J. (1992). Are the effects of careers guidance worth having? Changes in practice and outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 219-234.
19.
King, Z. (2001). Career self-management: A framework for guidance of employed adults. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling , 29, 65-78.
20.
Knefelkamp, L.L., & Sleptiza, R. (1976). A cognitive-developmental model of career development—An adaptation of the Perry scheme. The Counseling Psychologist , 6, 53-58.
21.
Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development. Vol. 2: The psychology of moral developmentNew York: Harper & Row.
22.
Kohlberg, L. (1987). Democratic moral education. Psicologia , V, 335-341.
23.
Kohlberg, L., & Mayer, R. (1972). Development as the aim of education. Harvard Educational Review, 42, 449-496.
24.
Kraus, W. (1998). La fin des grands projets: Le developpent de l'identité dans le champ du travail comme navigation à vue [The end of great projects: Development of identity on vocational domain as a sighted navigation]. l'Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle, 27, 105-121.
25.
Law, B. ( 1993). Understanding careers work. The Career Development Quarterly, 41, 297-313.
26.
Law, B. ( 1996). A career-learning theory. In A. G. Watts, B. Law, J. Killeen, J. M. Kidd, & R. Hawthorn (Eds.), Rethinking careers education and guidance: Theory, policy, and practice (pp. 46-71). London : Routledge.
27.
Lee, E. ( 2000, August-September). The future of work and changes in employment structure. Paper presented at the International Conference for Vocational Guidance, Berlin, Germany.
28.
Lourenço, O.M. (2002). Psicologia do desenvolvimento cognitivo: Teoria, dados e implicaçotilde;es (2n ed.) [Psychology of cognitive development: Theory, data, and implications]. Coimbra: Livraria Almedina.
29.
Lourenço, O.M. (1998). Psicologia do desenvolvimento moral: Teoria, dados e implicações (2n ed.) [Psychology of moral development: Theory, data, and implications]. Coimbra: Livraria Almedina.
30.
Lyddon, W.J. (1990). First and second order change: Implications for rationalist and constructivist cognitive therapies. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 122-127.
31.
Martin, J. (1990). Confusions in psychological skills training. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 402-407.
32.
McAuliffe, G.J. (1993). Constructive development and career transition: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development , 72, 23-28.
33.
McLeod, J. (1997). Narrative and psychotherapy. London: Sage.
34.
Meijers, F. (1998). The development of a career identity. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 20, 191-207.
35.
Neimeyer, G.J. (1992). Personal constructs and vocational structure: A critique of poor reason. In R. A. Neimeyer & G. J. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct psychology (pp. 91-120). Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
Perry, W. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
38.
Phillips, S.D. (1997). Toward an expanded definition of adaptive decision making. Career Development Quarterly, 45, 275-287.
39.
Piaget, J. (1969). Psychologie et pédagogie [Psychology and pedagogy] . Paris: Denoδl; Gonthier.
40.
Piaget, J. (1990). Para onde vai a educação? [To understand is to invent: The future of education]Lisboa: Livros Horizonte.
41.
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1966). La psychologie de l'enfant [The psychology of the child]. Paris: Press Universitaires de France.
42.
Pittman, G. (2000). Dilemmatic constructions of career in the career counseling interview. The Career Development Quarterly, 48, 226-235.
43.
Reich, R. (1996). O trabalho das nações [The work of nations]Lisboa: Quetzal.
44.
Santos, P.J. (1994). Dilemas vocacionais. In Ministério da Educação (Ed.), A outra face da escola [The other face of school] (pp. 161-164). Lisboa: Ministério da Educação.
45.
Schwarz, N. (2000). Emotion, cognition, and decision making. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 433-440.
46.
Selman, R. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. New York: Academic Press.
47.
Smithson, J., Lewis, S., & Guerreiro, M.D. (1998). Percepções dos jovens sobre a insegurança no emprego e as suas implicações no trabalho e na vida familiar [Perceptions of young adults about job insecurity and their implications in work and family life]. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas, 27, 97-113.
48.
Tappan, M.B. (1998). Moral education in the zone of proximal development . Journal of Moral Education, 2, 141-160.
49.
Tractenberg, L., Streumer, J., & Zolingen, S. (2002). Career counseling in the emerging post-industrial society. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2, 85-89.
50.
Vähämöttönen, T.T.E., Keskinen, P.A., & Parrila, R.K. (1994). A conceptual framework for developing an activity-based approach to career counselling. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 17, 19-34.
51.
Walker, L.J., & Hennig, K.H. (1999). Parenting style and the development of moral reasoning . Journal of Moral Education, 28, 359-374.
52.
Watts, A.G. (1998, December). Reshaping career development for the 21st century. Inaugural professorial lecture, University of Derby, United Kingdom.
53.
Welfel, E.R. (1982). The development of reflective judgment: Implications for career counseling of college students. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 61, 17-21.
54.
Wijers, G.A., & Meijers, F. (1996). Careers guidance in the knowledge society. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 24, 185-198.
55.
Young, R.A., Paseluikho, M.A., & Valach, L. (1997). The role of emotion in the construction of career in parent-adolescent conversations. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 36-44.
56.
Zey, M. ( 1992). Criticisms of rational choice models. In Mary Zey (Ed.), Decision making alternatives to rational choice models (pp. 9-31). Newbury Park: Sage.
