Older Adults’ Unmet Needs at the End of Life: A Cross-Country Comparison of the United States and England

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the end-of-life (EOL) experiences in concentration with place of death, for older adults in the U.S. and England. Methods: Weighted comparative analysis was conducted using harmonized Health and Retirement Study and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing datasets covering the period of 2006–2012. Results: At the EOL, more older adults in the U.S. (64.14%) than in England (54.09%) had unmet needs (I/ADLs). Home was the main place of death in the U.S. (47.34%), while it was the hospital in England (58.01%). Gender, marital status, income, place of death, previous hospitalization, memory-related diseases, self-rated health, and chronic diseases were linked to unmet needs in both countries. Discussion: These findings challenge the existing assumptions about EOL experiences and place of death outcomes, emphasizing the significance of developing integrated care models to bolster support for essential daily activities of older adults at the EOL.

Keywords

unmet needs end of life comparative analysis healthcare disparities older adults

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ailshire

Chien

Phillips

Wilkens

Lee

(2019). Harmonized HRS end of life documentation version A. https://hrsdata.isr.umich.edu/sites/default/files/documentation/other/Harmonized_HRS_End_of_Life_A_1992-2014.pdf

Ailshire

Osuna

Wilkens

Lee

(2021). Family caregiving and place of death: Insights from cross-national analysis of the harmonized end-of-life data. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(Supplement_1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa225

Alakeson

(2016). Self-direction in long-term services and supports: International differences and current challenges. Public Policy & Aging Report, 26(4), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prw018

Allan

(2021). Home care market dynamics in England. Policy Social Services Research Unit Discussion Paper. https://www.pssru.ac.uk/pub/DP2021-01.pdf

Allan

Nizalova

(2020). Care home markets in England: Changes over time and impact of local authority expenditure on supply. Policy Social Services Research Unit Discussion Paper. https://www.pssru.ac.uk/pub/DP2020-04.pdf

Allen

S. M.

Piette

E. R.

Mor

(2014). The adverse consequences of unmet need among older persons living in the community: Dual-eligible versus Medicare-only beneficiaries. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences sciences, 69(Suppl 1), S51–S58. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu124

Armstrong

Polito

(2012). Two cultures of caring: A comparative study (Vol. 30). Honors Theses and Capstones.

Arnold

Finucane

A. M.

Oxenham

(2015). Preferred place of death for patients referred to a specialist palliative care service. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 5(3), 294–296. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2012-000338

Avendano

Glymour

M. M.

Banks

Mackenbach

J. P.

(2009). Health disadvantage in U.S. Adults aged 50 to 74 years: A comparison of the health of rich and poor Americans with that of Europeans. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.139469

10.

Banks

French

McCauley

(2023). Long-term care in England. NBER Working Paper No. w31826. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4624229, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4624229

11.

Banks

Marmot

Oldfield

Smith

J. P.

(2006). Disease and disadvantage in the United States and in England. JAMA, 295(17), 2037–2045. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.17.2037

12.

Beach

S. R.

Schulz

(2016). Family caregiver factors associated with unmet needs for care of older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(3), 560–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14547

13.

Bone

A. E.

Gomes

Etkind

S. N.

Verne

Murtagh

F. E.

Evans

C. J.

Higginson

I. J.

(2017). What is the impact of population ageing on the future provision of end-of-life care? Population-Based projections of place of death. Palliative Medicine, 32(2), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317734435

14.

Cagle

J. G.

Lee

Ornstein

K. A.

Guralnik

J. M.

(2020). Hospice utilization in the United States: A prospective cohort study comparing cancer and noncancer deaths. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(4), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16294

15.

Campbell

S. M.

(2020). Well-being and the good death. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 23(3-4), 607-623, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10101-3. changing caregiver profile. https://www.caregiver.org/uploads/2023/11/CCRC-Evaluation-Annual-Report-Executive-Summary-2022-2023.pdf

16.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2016). Elder abuse surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended core data elements. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea_book_revised_2016.pdf

17.

Choi

Steptoe

Heisler

Clarke

Schoeni

R. F.

Jivraj

Cho

T. C.

Langa

K. M.

Langa

K. M.

(2020). Comparison of health outcomes among high-and low-income adults aged 55 to 64 Years in the US vs England. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(9), 1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2802

18.

Cohen

Pivodic

Miccinesi

Onwuteaka-Philipsen

B. D.

Naylor

W. A.

Wilson

D. M.

Loucka

Csikos

Pardon

Van den Block

Ruiz-Ramos

Cardenas-Turanzas

Rhee

Aubry

Hunt

Teno

Houttekier

Deliens

(2015). International study of the place of death of people with cancer: A population-level comparison of 14 countries across 4 continents using death certificate data. British Journal of Cancer, 113(9), 1397–1404. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.312

19.

Cohen-Mansfield

Skornick-Bouchbinder

Brill

(2018). Trajectories of end of life: A systematic review. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(4), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx093

20.

Cornell

P. Y.

Grabowski

D. C.

Cohen

Shi

Stevenson

D. G.

(2016). Medical underwriting in long-term care insurance: Market conditions limit options for higher-risk consumers. Health affairs (Project Hope), 35(8), 1494–1503. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1133

21.

Costa-Font

Courbage

Swartz

(2015). Financing long-term care: Ex ante, ex postor both? Health Economics, 24(Suppl 1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3152

22.

Cross

S. H.

Warraich

H. J.

(2019). Changes in the place of death in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(24), 2369–2370. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1911892

23.

Dasch

Bausewein

Feddersen

(2018). Place of death in patients with dementia and the association with comorbidities: A retrospective population-based observational study in Germany. BMC Palliative Care, 17(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-018-0334-0

24.

Dunatchik

Icardi

Blake

(2019). Predicting unmet need for social care. Journal of Long-Term Care, 0(2019), 194. https://doi.org/10.31389/jltc.33

25.

Dyer

Valeri

Arora

Ross

Winsall

(2020). Review of international systems of long-term care of older people. Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety.

26.

Erçin

(2021). The availability and generosity of Medicaid home & community-based services for economically vulnerable older adults: State differences and their relationship to end of life outcomes. University of Washington.

27.

Erçin Swearinger

Lapham

(2023). Patterns of unmet needs with assistance for self-care activities at the end of life by place of death among older adults. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 40(8), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091221127427

28.

Family Caregiving Alliance . (2023). Picking up the pace of change: Scaling services for a changing caregiver profile. https://www.caregiver.org/uploads/2023/11/CCRC-Evaluation-Annual-Report-Executive-Summary-2022-2023.pdf

29.

Gomes

Calanzani

Gysels

Hall

Higginson

I. J.

(2013). Heterogeneity and changes in preferences for dying at home: A systematic review. BMC Palliative Care, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-684x-12-7

30.

Gómez-Ochoa

S. A.

Franco

O. H.

Rojas

L. Z.

Raguindin

P. F.

Roa-Díaz

Z. M.

Wyssmann

B. M.

Guevara

S. L. R.

Echeverría

L. E.

Glisic

Muka

(2021). COVID-19 in health-care workers: A living systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa191

31.

Harris-Kojetin

Sengupta

Lendon

J. P.

Rome

Valverde

Caffrey

(2019). Long-term care providers and services users in the United States, 2015–2016. Vital Health Statistics, 3(38), x–xii.

32.

Hass

DePalma

Craig

B. A.

Sands

L. P.

(2015). Unmet need for help with activities of daily living disabilities and emergency department admissions among older medicare recipients. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv142

33.

Heneghan

Dietrich

Brassey

Jefferson

(2021). Effects of COVID-19 in care homes – a mixed method review. Collateral Global. https://collateralglobal.org/article/effects-of-covid-19-in-care-homes/

34.

Higginson

I. J.

Sen-Gupta

G. J. A.

(2000). Place of care in advanced cancer: A qualitative systematic literature review of patient preferences. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 3(3), 287–300.

35.

Hoff

(2015). Current and future challenges of family care in the UK. Future Of an Ageing Population: Evidence Review. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454514/gs-15-18-future-ageing-family-care-er09.pdf

36.

Jones

Schnitzler

Borgstrom

(2022). The implications of COVID‐19 on health and social care personnel in long‐term care facilities for older people: An international scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(6), e3493–e3506. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13969

37.

Karagiannidou

Wittenberg

(2022). Social insurance for long-term care. Journal of Population Ageing, 15(2), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-022-09366-6

38.

Katz

Ford

A. B.

Moskowitz

R. W.

Jackson

B. A.

Jaffe

M. W.

(1963). Studies of illness in the aged: The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA, 185(12), 914–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016

39.

Kaye

H. S.

Caldwell

(2023). Excess deaths of Medicaid home and community-based services recipients during COVID-19. Health Affairs, 42(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00457

40.

Kehl

K. A.

(2006). Moving toward peace: An analysis of the concept of a good death. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 23(4), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909106290380

41.

Kennedy

(2001). Unmet and undermet need for activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living assistance among adults with disabilities: Estimates from the 1994 and 1995 disability follow-back surveys. Medical Care, 39(12), 1305–1312. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200112000-00006

42.

Krikorian

Maldonado

Pastrana

(2020). Patients’ perspectives on the notion of a good death: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 59(1), 152–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.07.033

43.

Lachs

M. S.

Pillemer

K. A.

(2015). Elder abuse. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(20), 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1404688

44.

LaPlante

M. P.

Kaye

H. S.

Kang

Harrington

(2004). Unmet need for personal assistance services: Estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59(2), S98–S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.s98

45.

Lawton

M. P.

Brody

E. M.

(1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(Part 1–3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_part_1.179

46.

Lei

Gerlach

L. B.

Powell

V. D.

Maust

D. T.

(2021). Caregiver support and place of death among older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(5), 1221–1230.

47.

Hoffman

(2023). Unaddressed functional difficulty and care support among White, Black, and Hispanic older adults in the last decade. Health Affairs Scholar, 1(3), qxad041. https://doi.org/10.1093/haschl/qxad041

48.

Lima

J. C.

Allen

S. M.

(2001). Targeting risk for unmet need: Not enough help versus no help at all. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(5), S302–S310. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.5.s302

49.

Lin

S. F.

Beck

A. N.

Finch

B. K.

Hummer

R. A.

Masters

R. K.

(2012). Trends in U.S. Older adult disability: Exploring age, period, and cohort effects. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), 2157–2163. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300602

50.

Malhotra

Bundoc

F. G.

Sim

Jaufeerally

F. R.

Finkelstein

E. A.

(2021). Instability in preference for place of death among patients with symptoms of advanced heart failure. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(2), 349.e29–349.e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.030

51.

Maplethorpe

Darton

Wittenberg

(2015). Social care: Need for and receipt of help. HSCIC.

52.

Martin

L. G.

Schoeni

R. F.

Andreski

P. M.

Jagger

(2012). Trends and inequalities in late-life health and functioning in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(10), 874–880. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200251

53.

Martinson

M. L.

Teitler

J. O.

Reichman

N. E.

(2011). Health across the life span in the United States and England. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(8), 858–865. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq325

54.

Milligan

Turner

Blake

Brearley

Seamark

Thomas

Wang

Payne

(2016). Unpacking the impact of older adults’ home death on family care-givers’ experiences of home. Health & Place, 100(38), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.01.005.

55.

Morita

Kuriya

Miyashita

Sato

Eguchi

Akechi

(2014). Symptom burden and achievement of good death of elderly cancer patients. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 17(8), 887–893. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0625

56.

Murray

Tourtellotte

Lipson

Wysocki

(2021). Medicaid long-term services and supports annual expenditures report: Federal fiscal years 2017 and 2018. Mathematica Policy Research.

57.

National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization [NHPCO] . (2015). Facts and figures: Hospice care in America. https://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/statistics_research/2015_factsfigures.pdf

58.

National Audit Office . (2018). Adult social care at a glance: National Audit Office.

59.

National Institute on Aging . (2023). What is long-term care? https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/long-term-care/what-long-term-care

60.

Nieuwenhuis

A. V.

Beach

S. R.

Schulz

(2018). Care recipient concerns about being a burden and unmet needs for care. Innovation in Aging, 2(3), igy026. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy026

61.

OECD.Stat . (2023). Health expenditure and financing. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=127137

62.

Ornstein

K. A.

Wolff

J. L.

Bollens-Lund

Rahman

O. K.

Kelley

A. S.

(2019). Spousal caregivers are caregiving alone in the last years of life. Health Affairs, 38(6), 964–972.

63.

Pearson

C. F.

Quinn

C. C.

Loganathan

Datta

A. R.

Mace

B. B.

Grabowski

D. C.

(2019). The forgotten middle: Many middle-income seniors will have insufficient resources for housing and health care. Health Affairs, 38(5), Article 01805233. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05233

64.

Pillemer

Burnes

Riffin

Lachs

M. S.

(2016). Elder abuse: Global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_2), S194–S205. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw004

65.

Pollock

(2015). Is home always the best and preferred place of death? BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 351(2015), h4855. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4855.

66.

Prioleau

P. G.

Soones

T. N.

Ornstein

Zhang

Smith

C. B.

Wajnberg

(2016). Predictors of place of death of individuals in a home‐based primary and palliative care program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(11), 2317–2321. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14465

67.

Rainsford

Phillips

C. B.

Glasgow

N. J.

MacLeod

R. D.

Wiles

R. B.

(2018). The ‘safe death’: An ethnographic study exploring the perspectives of rural palliative care patients and family caregivers. Palliative Medicine, 32(10), 1575–1583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216318800613

68.

Rau

(2023). What long-term care looks like around the world. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/health/long-term-care-insurance-global.html

69.

Read

Dixon

Brimblecombe

Wittenberg

Brayne

Banerjee

(2022). Receipt of help by people with cognitive impairment: Results from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Aging & Mental Health, 27(2), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.2017846

70.

Reaves

E. L.

Musumeci

(2015). Medicaid and long-term services and supports: A primer. The Kaiser Family Foundation.

71.

Rees-Roberts

Williams

Hashem

Brigden

Greene

Gage

Goodwin

Silsbury

Wee

Barclay

Wilson

P. M.

Butler

(2021). Hospice at home services in England: A national survey. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 11(4), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001818

72.

Regier

N. G.

Cotter

V. T.

Hansen

B. R.

Taylor

J. L.

Wright

R. J.

(2021). Place of death for persons with and without cognitive impairment in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(4), 924–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16979

73.

Reinhard

S. C.

Feinberg

L. F.

Houser

Choula

Evans

(2019). Valuing the invaluable 2019 update: Charting a path forward. AARP Public Policy Institute, 146, 1–32.

74.

Reyniers

Deliens

Pasman

H. R.

Morin

Addington-Hall

Frova

Cardenas-Turanzas

Onwuteaka-Philipsen

Naylor

Ruiz-Ramos

Wilson

D. M.

Loucka

Csikos

Rhee

Y. J.

Teno

Cohen

Houttekier

(2015). International variation in place of death of older people who died from dementia in 14 European and non-European countries. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.003

75.

Schneider

S. L.

(2008). Applying the ISCED-97 to the German educational qualifications. In Schneider

S. L.

(Ed.), The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97): An evaluation of content and criterion validity for 15 European countries (pp. 76–102). MZES.

76.

Schure

M. B.

Conte

K. P.

Goins

R. T.

(2015). Unmet assistance need among older American Indians: The native elder care study. The Gerontologist, 55(6), 920–928. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt211

77.

Seymour

Cassel

(2016). Palliative care in the USA and England: A critical analysis of meaning and implementation towards a public health approach. Mortality, 22(4), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2016.1270262

78.

Siconolfi

Shih

R. A.

Friedman

E. M.

Kotzias

V. I.

Ahluwalia

S. C.

Phillips

J. L.

Saliba

(2019). Rural-urban disparities in access to home-and community-based services and supports: Stakeholder perspectives from 14 states. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(4), 503–508.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.01.120

79.

Skolarus

L. E.

Sánchez

B. N.

Morgenstern

L. B.

Garcia

N. M.

Smith

M. A.

Brown

D. L.

Lisabeth

L. D.

(2010). Validity of proxies and correction for proxy use when evaluating social determinants of health in stroke patients. Stroke, 41(3), 510–515.

80.

Smith

K. T.

Monti

Mir

Peters

Tipirneni

Politi

M. C.

(2018). Access is necessary but not sufficient: Factors influencing delay and avoidance of health care services. MDM Policy & Practice, 3(1), Article 2381468318760298. https://doi.org/10.1177/2381468318760298

81.

Solé-Auró

Crimmins

E. M.

(2012). Who cares? A comparison of informal and formal care provision in Spain, England and the USA. Ageing and Society, 34(3), 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12001134

82.

Spector

W. D.

Fleishman

J. A.

(1998). Combining activities of daily living with instrumental activities of daily living to measure functional disability. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53(1), S46–S57.

83.

StataCorp

(2021). Stata statistical software: Release 17. TX StataCorp LLC.

84.

Teggi

(2018). Unexpected death in ill old age: An analysis of disadvantaged dying in the English old population. Social Science & Medicine, 217, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.048.

85.

Teggi

(2020). Care homes as hospices for the prevalent form of dying: An analysis of long-term care provision towards the end of life in England. Social Science & Medicine, 260(113150). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113150.

86.

UK Hospice . (2018). Hospice accounts: Analysis of the accounts of the UK charitable hospices for the year ended. https://www.hospiceuk.org/what-we-offer/hospice-finance/benchmarking

87.

Weaver

R. H.

Roberto

K. A.

(2019). Effects of long-term services and supports on survival of poor, highly vulnerable older adults. The Gerontologist, 59(5), 936–946. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny040

88.

Weissberger

G. H.

Goodman

M. C.

Mosqueda

Schoen

Nguyen

A. L.

Wilber

K. H.

Gassoumis

Z. D.

Nguyen

C. P.

Han

S. D.

Han

S. D.

(2020). Elder abuse characteristics based on calls to the national center on elder abuse resource line. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 39(10), 1078–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819865685

89.

Wiener

J. M.

Segelman

White

(2020). The impact of the great recession on long-term services and supports in the United States and England. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2018.1563470

90.

Wilkens

Phillips

Ailshire

Lee

(2021). Harmonized ELSA end of life documentation version A.2. https://g2aging.org/startfile.php?f=codebooks/Harmonized_ELSA_End_of_Life_A.2_2004-2013.pdf&rs=^q^section=downloads

91.

World Bank . (2022a). Life expectancy at birth. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?name_desc=false

92.

World Bank . (2022b). Population ages 65 and above (% of total population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS

93.

World Health Organization [WHO] . (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_eng.pdf

94.

Wright

A. A.

Keating

N. L.

Balboni

T. A.

Matulonis

U. A.

Block

S. D.

Prigerson

H. G.

(2010). Place of death: Correlations with quality of life of patients with cancer and predictors of bereaved caregivers' mental health. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(29), 4457–4464. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.3863

95.

Yamout

Hanna

El Asmar

Beydoun

Rahm

Osman

(2022). Preferred place of death for patients with terminal illness: A literature review. Progress in Palliative Care, 30(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/09699260.2021.1961985

96.

Yim

C. K.

Barrón

Moore

Murtaugh

Lala

Aldridge

Goldstein

Gelfman

L. P.

(2017). Hospice enrollment in patients with advanced heart failure decreases acute medical service utilization. Circulation: Heart Failure, 10(3), Article e003335. https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003335

97.

Yuan

Louis

Cabral

Schneider

J. C.

Ryan

C. M.

Kazis

L. E.

(2018). Socioeconomic and geographic disparities in accessing nursing homes with high star ratings. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19(10), 852–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.05.017

98.

Zaman

Espinal-Arango

Mohapatra

Jadad

A. R.

(2021). What would it take to die well? A systematic review of systematic reviews on the conditions for a good death. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 2(9), e593–e600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00097-0

99.

Zaninotto

Batty

G. D.

Stenholm

Kawachi

Hyde

Goldberg

Westerlund

Vahtera

Head

(2020). Socioeconomic inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in older people from England and the United States: A cross-national population-based study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 75(5), 906–913. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz266

100.

Zuverink

Xiang

(2019). Anxiety and unmet needs for assistance with daily activities among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 32(5–6), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264319830805

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.14 MB