This article outlines major characteristics of the nonprofit sector in civil
law, common law, socialist countries, and developing countries. Largely
based on an international directory of nonprofit sector research, the article
introduces common and country-specific research themes on the nonprofit
sector in a comparative perspective. The article concludes by delineating
several implications for research in the areas of taxonomy, measurement,
intersectoral relations, and comparative institutional history.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alemann, Ulrich von (ed.). (1981). Neokorporatismus [Neocorporatism]. Frankfurt: Campus.
2.
Anheier, Helmut K. (1986). Directory of International Research on Nonprofit Organizations, Foundations, and the Third Sector. Working Paper No. 119. New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Nonprofit Organizations, Yale University.
3.
Anheier, Helmut K. (1987). Indigenous Voluntary Associations, Nonprofits, and Development in Africa. In Walter Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4.
Anheier, Helmut K. (1988, June). The Third Sector in West Germany. Paper delivered at the Conference on Religion and the Independent Sector, Princeton University.
5.
Anheier, Helmut K. (1989). Private Voluntary Organizations and Development in West Africa: Comparative Perspectives. In Estelle James (ed.), Nonprofit Organizations : Comparative Perspectives. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
6.
Anheier, Helmut K. (1990). A Profile of the Third Sector in West Germany . In Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin : DeGruyter.
7.
Archambault, Edith. (1985). Les associations en chiffre [Associations in Numbers] . Revue des Etudes Cooperatives, pp. 10-50.
8.
Archambault, Edith. (1990). Public Authorities and the Nonprofit Sector in France. In Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin : DeGruyter.
9.
Badelt, Christoph. (1985). Politische Ökonomie der Freiwilligenarbeit [Political Economy of Voluntary Work]. Frankfurt: Campus.
10.
Badelt, Christoph. (1990). Institutional Choice and the Nonprofit Sector . In Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin : DeGruyter.
11.
Badelt, Christoph, and Peter Weiss. (1990). Nonprofit, For-Profit and Government Organizations in Social Service Provision: Comparison of Behavioral Patterns for Austria. Voluntas, 1, forthcoming.
12.
Barraque, Bernard J. (1982). Les associations à Annecy (Haute-Savoie) sous la IIIe République [Associations in Annecy During the Third Republic]. Report to the Ministry of Environment, Paris, Mission de la Recherche Urbaine.
13.
Bauer, Rudolph. (1987). Intermediäre Hilfesysteme personenbezogener Dienstleistungen in zehn Ländern—Eine Einführung [Intermediary Support Systems for Personal Social Services in Ten Countries—An Introduction]. In Rudolph Bauer and Anna Maria Thränhardt (eds.), Verbandliche Wohlfahrtspflege im internationalen Vergleich. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
14.
Bauer, Rudolph, and Hartmund Diessenbacher (eds.). (1984). Organisierte Nachstenliebe: Wohlfahrtsverbände und Selbthilfe in der Krise des Sozialstaats [Organized Charity: Welfare Associations and Self-Help and the Crisis of the Welfare State]. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
15.
Belyayeva, Nena. (1987). The Legal Status of Voluntary Associations in the USSR. Commission of the USSR for UNESCO, 3 (69), 29-31.
16.
Bratton, Michael. (1989). The Politics of NGO-Government Relations in Africa . World Development, 17 (4), 569-587.
17.
Braun, Joachim, and Peter Röhrig. (1986). Umfang und Unterstützung ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeit und Selbsthilfe im kommunalen Sozial- und Gesundheitsbereich. [Extent and Support of Volunteering and Self-Help in Local Social and Health Services.] In Bundesminister für Bildung und Wissenschaft (ed.), Freiwilliges soziales Engagement und Weiterbildung . Bonn: Bock Verlag.
18.
Conference Board. (1982). Corporate Voluntary Contributions in Europe. Report No. 832. Brussels : Conference Board.
19.
Cowton, Charles. (1982). Company Charitable Giving: Practice and Disclosure. Charity Statistics 1981-82. Tonbridge, England: CAF Publications.
20.
Dams, Theodor. (1986). Entwicklung, Entwicklungspolitik [Development and Development Policies]. In Görresgesellschaft (ed.), Staatslexikon. Freiburg: Verlag Herder.
21.
Douglas, James. (1983). Why Charity? The Case for a Third SectorNewbury Park, CA: Sage.
22.
Drabek, Anne Gordon (ed.). (1987). World Development. Development Alternatives: The Challenge for NGOs (Supplement, Vol. 15). Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press.
23.
Elmér, Ake. (1987). Wohlfahrtspflege in Schweden [The Welfare System in Sweden]. In Rudolph Bauer and Anna Maria Thränhardt (eds.), Verbandliche Wohlfahrtspflege im internationalen Vergleich. Opladen , Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
24.
Esping-Anderson, Gunnar. (1985). Politische Macht und wohlfahrtsstaatliche Regulation [Political Power and Welfare State Regulation]. In Frieder Naschold (ed.), Arbeit und Politik. Frankfurt: Campus.
25.
Ferrand-Bechmann, Dan. (1982). Le bénévolat à face a l'état Providence [Volunteerism and the Welfare State]. Grenoble, France: CESOL.
26.
Filtzinger, Otto. (1987). Italiens Wohlfahrtsplege im Wandel [The Changing Welfare System in Italy]. In Rudolph Bauer and Anna Maria Thränhardt (eds.), Verbandliche Wohlfahrtspflege im internationalen Vergleich. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
27.
Flämig, Christian. (1986). Die Familienstiftungen unter dem Damoklesschwert der Erbersatzsteuer [The Family Foundation Under the Damoclean Sword of the Inheritance Substitution Tax]. Deutsche Steuerzeitung, pp. 11-17.
28.
Fruhling, Hugo. (1985). Nonprofit Organizations as Opposition to Authoritarian Rule: The Case of Human Rights Organizations and Private Research Centers in Chile. PONPO Working Paper No. 96. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
29.
Grunow, Dieter, and others. (1985). Bürgernähe der Sozialhilfeverwaltung [Citizen Responsiveness of the Social Welfare Administration]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
30.
Habermas, Jürgen (Ed.). (1979). Stichworte zur geistigen Situation der Zeit [Issues on the Moral and Spiritual Situation of Our Times]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
31.
Habermas, Jürgen. (1985). Die neue Unübersichtlichkeit [The New Disorder] . Frankfurt : Suhrkamp.
32.
Hansmann, Henry. (1987). Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations. In Walter Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
33.
Heinze, Rolf G., and Thomas Olk. (1981). Die Wohlfahrtsverbände im System sozialer Dienstleistungspoduktion: Zur Entstehung und Struktur der bundesrepublikanischen Verbändewohlfahrt [The Welfare Associations in the System of Social Service Production: On the Emergence and Structure of Welfare Associations in the Federal Republic]. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie , 1, 94-114.
34.
Himmelmann, Gerhard. (1985). Public Enterprises in the Federal Republic of Germany. Annalen der Gemeinwirtschaft, 3, 365-391.
35.
Hood, Christopher. (1984). The Hidden Public Sector: The World of Para-Government Organizations. Working Paper No. 133. Glasgow: Center for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.
36.
Independent Sector. (1985). Research in Progress. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.
37.
Jackson, Hilary. (1985). Recruiting Volunteers. Research and Planning Unit Paper No. 31. London: Home Office.
38.
James, Estelle. (1987). The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective . In Walter Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
Jenkins, Craig J. (1987). Nonprofit Organizations and Policy Advocacy. In Walter Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
41.
Katzenstein, Peter. (1984). Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland, and the Politics of IndustryIthaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
42.
Katzenstein, Peter. (1987). Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
43.
Knapp, Martin. (1986). The Relative Cost-Effectiveness of Public, Voluntary, and Private Providers of Residential Child Care. In J. Culyer and B. Joensson (eds.), Public and Private Health Care. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
44.
Knapp, Martin, Eileen Robertson, and Corinne Thomason . (1990). Public Money, Voluntary Action: Whose Welfare? In Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin: DeGruyter.
45.
Kramer, Ralph. (1981). Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46.
Kuti, Eva. (1990). The Possible Role of the Nonprofit Sector in Hungary . Voluntas, 1, 26-41.
47.
Leisner, Walter. (1986). Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit und Verfassungsrecht [The Public Usefulness of Housing Associations and Constitutional Law]. Cologne: Wegmanns Verlag.
48.
Marschall, Miklos. (1990). The Nonprofit Sector in a Centrally Planned Economy . In Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin : DeGruyter.
O'Connell, Brian (ed.). (1983). America's Voluntary Spirit: A Book of Readings. New York : Foundation Center.
51.
Offe, Claus. (1979). Unregierbarkeit: Zur Renaissance konservativer Krisentheorien [Ungovernability: On the Renaissance of Conservative Crisis Theories]. In Jürgen Habermas (ed.), Stichworte zur geistigen Situation der Zeit [Issues on the Moral and Spiritual Situation of Our Times] (Vol. 1). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
52.
Offe, Claus. (1985). Disorganized Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53.
Pasquinelli, Sergio. (1989). Voluntary Action in the Welfare State: The Italian Case. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 18 (4), 349-366.
54.
Pomey, Michel. (1982). Traite des fondations d'utilité publique [A Treaty on Public Utility Foundations]. Paris: Presse Universitaire de France.
55.
Ponzanelli, Guilio. (1985). Le non-profit organizations. Milan: Ed. Giuffze.
56.
Rioux, Jean Pierre. (1982). Entre deux guerres, entre deux sociétés: L'éducation populaire en transit [Between Two Wars, Between Two Societies: Popular Education in Transition]. Les Cahiers de l'Animation, 32.
57.
Rosas, Allan. (1984). Notes on the Legal Status of National Red Cross Societies. In Charles Swinarski (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles. Geneva: Nijhoff .
58.
Sachse, Christoph, and Florian Tennstedt (eds.). (1986). Soziale Sicherheit und soziale Disziplinierung [Social Security and Social Disciplining]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
59.
Salamon, Lester. (1987). Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modem Welfare State. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 16 (2), 29-49.
60.
Saxon-Harrold, Susan. (1984). Markets and Voluntary Action as Alternatives to the Public Sector Project. ARVAC Bulletin, 19.
61.
Schneider, Bertrand. (1985). La révolution aux pieds nus [The Barefoot Revolution] . Report to the Club de Rome. Paris: Fayard.
62.
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke. (1981). Die Erfüllung öffentlicher Aufgaben durch verselbständigte Verwaltungseinheiten. Göttingen: Otto Schwarz.
63.
Seibel, Wolfgang. (1989). The Function of Mellow Weakness: Nonprofit Organizations as Problem Nonsolvers in Germany. In Estelle James (ed.), Nonprofit Organizations : Comparative Perspectives . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
64.
Seibel, Wolfgang. (1990). Government/Third-Sector Relationship in a Comparative Perspective: The Cases of France and West Germany. Voluntas , 1, 42-61.
Smith, Brian. (1990). More Than Altruism: The Politics of Private Foreign Aid. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
67.
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Peter C. Schmitter (eds.). (1985). Private Interest Government: Beyond Market and State. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
68.
Tendler, Judith. (1982). Turning Private Voluntary Organizations into Development Agencies: Questions for Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
69.
Thränhardt, Dietrich. (1983). Ausländer im Dickicht der Verbände: Ein Beispiel verbandsgerechter Klientelselektion und korporatistischer Politikformulierung [Foreigners in the Jungle of Associations: An Example of Client Selection and Corporatist Policy Formulation]. In F. Hamburger and others (eds.), Sozialarbeit und Ausländerpolitik . Neuwied and Darmstadt: Lucherhand.
70.
Triomphe, Annie, and C. Caye. (1982). Les enjeux du volontariat [The Stakes of Volunteering]. Revue de droit sanitaire et social, 71, 391-400.
71.
Weisbrod, Burton. (1988). The Nonprofit Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
72.
Williamson, Peter J. (1985). Varieties of Corporatism: Theory and Practice . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
73.
Wilson, David C., and Richard J. Buder . (1986). Voluntary Organizations in Action: Strategy in the Voluntary Sector. Journal of Management Studies, 23, 5.