Ethnicity and Small Business Ownership: Contrasts between Blacks and Chinese in Toronto

Aldrich, H. and Waldinger, R. (1990) `Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship', Annual Review of Sociology, 16.

Ardener, S. (1964) `The Comparative Study of Rotating Credit Associations', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 94.

Bates, T. (1985)'Entrepreneur Human Capital and Minority Business Viability', Journal of Human Resources, 20, 540-554.

Bates, T. (1989) `The Changing Nature of Minority Business: A Comparative Analysis of Asian, Nonminority, and Black-Owned Businesses', Review of Black Political Economy, 18, 25-42.

Benedict, B. (1968) `Family Firms and Economic Development', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 24, 1, 1-19.

Benedict, B. (1979) `Family Firms and Firm Families: A Comparison of Indians, Chinese and Creole Firms in Seychelles' in S.M. Greenfield et al. (ed.) Entrepreneurs in Cultural Context, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Blalock, H. (1967) Towards a Theory of Minority-Group Relations, New York: Wiley.

Boissevain, J. (1984) `Small Entrepreneurs in Contemporary Europe' In Robin Ward (ed.) Ethic Business in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Boissevain, J. and Grotenbreg, H. (1986) `Culture, Structure and Ethnic Enterprise', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 9, 1, 1-23.

Boissevain, J. et al. (1990) `Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Ethnic Strategies' in R. Waldinger , H. Aldrich and R. Ward (ed.) Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Bonacich, E. (1973) `A Theory of Middleman Minorities', American Sociological Review, 33, 5.

Bonacich, E. , Light, I. and Wong, C. (1977) `Koreans in Small Business', Society, 14.

Bonacich, E. and Modell, J. (1980) The Economic Bases of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bonacich, E. and Jung, T. (1982) `A Portrait of Korean Small Business in Los Angeles: 1977 in Eeui-Young Yu et al. (ed.) Koreans in Los Angeles, Los Angeles: Koryo Research Institute and Centre for Korean American Studies, California State University.

Boston, T. (1988) Class, Race and Conservatism, Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Boyd, R. (1990) `Black and Asian Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas: A Comparative Analysis', Social Problems, 37, 2, 258-273.

Boyd, R. (1991a) `Inequality in the Earnings of Self-Employed African and Asian Americans', Sociological Perspectives, 34, 4, 447-472.

Boyd, R. (1991b) `A Contextual Analysis of Black Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas, 1970-1980', Social Forces, 70, 2, 409-429.

Census of Canada (1981, 1986, 1991) Statistics Canada Reports, Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Chinoy, E. (1955) Automobile Workers and the American Dream, Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Cote, M. (1991) `Visible Minorities in the Canadian Labour Force', Perspectives (Summer) Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Glazer, N. (1955) `Social Characteristics of American Jews', American Jewish Book, 55, New York: American Jewish Committee.

Glazer, N. and Moynihan P. (1963) Beyond the Melting Pot, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Green, S. and Pryde, P. (1990) Black Entrepreneurship in America, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Head, W. (1975) Black Presence in the Canadian Mosaic: A Study of Perceptions and the Practice of Discrimination against Blacks in Metro Toronto, Toronto: Ontario Human Rights Commission.

Henry, F. (1993) A Survey of Black Business in Metropolitan Toronto, Toronto: Multicultural and Race Relations Division of Metropolitan Toronto.

Herman, H. (1979) `Dishwashers and Proprietors: Macedonians in Toronto's Restaurant Trade' in Sandra Williams (ed.) Ethnicity at Work, London: Macmillan.

Lieberson, S. (1980) A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Light, I. (1972) Ethnic Enterprise in America, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Light, I. (1979) `Disadvantaged Minorities in Self-Employment', International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 20.

Light, I. (1980) `Asian Enterprise in America: Japanese and Koreans in Small Business' in Scott Cummings (ed.) Self-Help in Urban America: Patterns of Minority Economic Development, Port Washington, NY: Kenikat.

Light, I. (1984) `Immigrant and Ethnic Enterprise in North America', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 7, 2.

Light, I. (1990) `Labour Market Disadvantage: A Resource-Constraint Hypothesis' (Monograph), Department of Sociology, UCLA.

Light, I. , and Wong, C. (1975) `Protest or Work: Dilemmas of the Tourist Industry in American Chinatown', American Journal of Sociology, 80.

Lovell-Troy, L. (1980) `Clan Structure and Economic Activity: The Case of Greeks in Small Business Enterprise' in Scott Cummings (ed.) Self-help in Urban America: Patterns of Minority Economic Development, Port Washington, NY: Kenikat.

Modell, J. (1977) The Economics and Politics of Racial Accommodation: The Japanese of Los Angeles, 1900-1942, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Petersen, W. (1971) Japanese Americans: Oppression and Success, New York: Random House.

Pinkney, A. (1975) Black Americans, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Reitz, J. (1980) The Survival of Ethnic Groups, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

Reitz, J. (1982) `Ethnic Group Control of Jobs', (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, September 6).

Reitz, J. (1990) `Ethnic Concentrations in Labour Markets and their Implications for Ethnic inequality' in Raymond Breton et al., Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Equality, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Roper Survey of Black Entrepreneurship (1992) Wall Street Journal (Friday, April 3).

Scase, R. and Goffe, R. (1982) The Entrepreneurial Middle Class, London: Croom Helm.

Stevens, R. (1984) `Measuring Minority Business Formation and Failure', Review of Black Political Economy, 12, 4.

US Small Business Administration (1984) The State of Small Business, Washington, DC: GPO.

Waldinger, R. (1985) `Immigrant Enterprise and the Structure of Labour Market' in B. Roberts , R. Finnegan and D. Gallie (ed.) New Approaches to Economic Life, Manchester; ESRC and Manchester University Press.

Waldinger, R. (1986a) `Immigrant Enterprise: A Critique and Reformulation', Theory and Society, 15.

Waldinger, R. (1986b) Through the Eye of the Needle, New York: New York University Press.

Waldinger, R. , Aldrich, H. and Ward, R. (1990) Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Ward, R. and Jenkins, R. (1984) Ethnic Communities in Business, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ward, R. (1987) `Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Britain' in R. Goffee and R. Scase (eds.) Entrepreneurship in Europe, London: Croom Helm.

Wilson, K. and Martin, W.A. (1982) `Ethnic Enclaves: A Comparison of the Cuban and Black Economics in Miami', American Journal of Sociology, 88.

Wong, B. (1979) A Chinese American Community: Ethnicity and Survival Strategies, Singapore: Chopmen Enterprises.

Zenner, W.P. (1982) `Arabic-Speaking Immigrants in North America as Middleman Minorities', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 5.