Study of the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio on thermal properties,cryogenic mechanical properties,and liquid oxygen compatibility of the bisphenol A epoxy resin containing phosphorus
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2020
Study of the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio on thermal properties,cryogenic mechanical properties,and liquid oxygen compatibility of the bisphenol A epoxy resin containing phosphorus
A liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin is successfully prepared by changing the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio (SR) of a phosphorus-containing epoxy resin. The liquid oxygen impact test results showed that the modified resin was compatible with liquid oxygen only when the SR was 0.8. The mechanical properties at 90 K showed that the strain energy and impact toughness reached the maximum when the SR was 0.8, which suggested that the reduced rigidity might be beneficial to improve the liquid oxygen compatibility of the polymer. The thermomechanical and thermal results showed that the cross-linking density and thermal stability was proportional to SR. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the P=O group in the resin decomposed into phosphoric oxidative solids and P–N intermediates to inhibit the resin from decomposing and contacting with liquid oxygen during impact. Overall, this study provides a new idea for the design of liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin.
TapeinosIGZarouchasDSBergsmaOK, et al.Evaluation of the mechanical performance of a composite multi-cell tank for cryogenic storage: part I-tank pressure window based on progressive failure analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy2019; 44: 3917–3930.
2.
GatesTSSuXAbdiF, et al.Facesheet delamination of composite sandwich materials at cryogenic temperatures. Compos Sci Technol2006; 66: 2423–2435.
3.
MorinoYShimodaTMorimotoT, et al.Applicability of CFRP materials to the cryogenic propellant tank for reusable launch vehicle (RLV). Adv Compos Mater2001; 10: 339–347.
ClarkAFHustJG. A review of the compatibility of structural materials with oxygen. AIAA J1974; 12: 441–454.
6.
RobinsonMStolzfusJOwensT. Composite material compatibility with liquid and gaseous oxygen. In: Proceedings of 42nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit, Seattle, Washington, USA, 16–19 April 2001, Paper No:1215, pp. 1–10. Washington: AIAA.
7.
WangGLiXYanR, et al.The study on compatibility of polymer matrix resins with liquid oxygen. Mater Sci Eng B-Adv2006; 132: 70–73.
8.
LiJLiuXWuZ, et al.The effect of 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide on liquid oxygen compatibility and cryogenic mechanical properties of epoxy resins. High Perform Polym2016; 28: 820–830.
9.
WuZLiSLiuM, et al.Study on liquid oxygen compatibility of bromine-containing epoxy resins for the application in liquid oxygen tank. Polym Adv Technol2016; 27: 98–108.
10.
ZhangLLiJWuJ, et al.Effects of flame retardants on liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy resin containing binaphthyl based on combination of mechanical impact testing and theoretical analysis. High Perform Polym2016; 28: 1024–1032.
11.
GerzeskiR. Hertzian fracture, kinetic friction and the mechanical impact LOX compatibility testing of polymers and polymer matrix composites. J ASTM Int2006; 3: 1–33.
12.
HebaFMouzaliMAbadieMJM. Effect of the crosslinking degree on curing kinetics of an epoxy-acid copolymer system. J Appl Polym Sci2003; 90: 2834–2839.
13.
Heba-LarefFMouzaliMAbadieM. Effect of the crosslinking degree on curing kinetics of an epoxy-anhydride styrene copolymer system. J Appl Polym Sci1999; 73: 2089–2094.
14.
LuFKauschHHCantwellWJ, et al.The effect of crosslink density on the fracture toughness of core-shell modified epoxy resins. J Mater Sci Lett1996; 15: 1018–1021.
15.
ParkHKimBChoiJ, et al.Influences of the molecular structures of curing agents on the inelastic-deformation mechanisms in highly-crosslinked epoxy polymers. Polymer2018; 136: 128–142.
16.
ZengBRYangLChenJM, et al.Improving the flame retardancy and thermal property of organotitanate-modified epoxy resin for electronic application via a simple method. High Perform Polym2019; 31: 12–23.
17.
SinhaAKhanNIDasS, et al.Effect of reactive and non-reactive diluents on thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. High Perform Polym2018; 30: 1159–1168.
18.
HongLChenGSuH, et al.Effect of the stoichiometric ratio on the crosslinked network structure and cryogenic properties of epoxy resins cured at low temperature. Eur Polym J2019; 112: 792–798.
19.
WuZLiJChenY, et al.Effect of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide on liquid oxygen compatibility of bisphenol A epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci2014; 131: 40848–40855.
20.
SkourlisTPMcCulloughRL. An experimental investigation of the effect of prepolymer molecular weight and stoichiometry on thermal and tensile properties of epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci1996; 62: 481–490.
21.
LiJLWangHYLiSC. A novel phosphorus-silicon containing epoxy resin with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab2019; 164: 36–45.
22.
ChenZKYangGYangJ-P, et al.Simultaneously increasing cryogenic strength, ductility and impact resistance of epoxy resins modified by n-butyl glycidyl ether. Polymer2009; 50: 1316–1323.
23.
LuoSZhengYLiJ, et al.Effect of curing degree and fillers on slurry erosion behavior of fusion-bonded epoxy powder coatings. Wear2003; 254: 292–297.
24.
ZhangYYuBWangB, et al.Highly effective P–P synergy of a novel DOPO-based flame retardant for epoxy resin. Ind Eng Chem Res2017; 56: 1245–1255.
25.
WuZLiJWangZ. Liquid oxygen compatibility and thermal stability of bisphenol A and bisphenol F epoxy resins modified by DOPO. Polym Adv Technol2015; 26: 153–159.
26.
KimRLeeWCampingJ, et al.Impact reaction of composites in liquid oxygen. In: 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics & materials conference (ed. SmitsAlexander J.), Austin, Texas, 18–21 April 2005, paper no. 2158, pp. 1–7. Washington: AIAA.
27.
ParkYKimYHBaluchAH, et al.Numerical simulation and empirical comparison of the high velocity impact of STF impregnated Kevlar fabric using friction effects. Compos Struct2015; 125: 520–529.
28.
MaiYWCotterellB. Effect of specimen geometry on the essential work of plane stress ductile fracture. Eng Fract Mech1985; 21: 123–128.
29.
MaiYWCotterellB. On the essential work of ductile fracture in polymers. Int J Fracture1986; 32: 105–125.
30.
PfaffFA. Growing more ductile epoxies: an essential work of fracture study. J Coat Technol Res2007; 4: 151–159.
31.
MillTChamberlainDLStringhamRS, et al.Investigation of reactivity of launch vehicle materials with liquid oxygen. Report for Standford Research Institute, Report no. NAS8-21316, 16 May 1969. Alabama: NASA.
32.
ChangTDCarrSHBrittainJO. Studies of epoxy resin systems: part B: effect of crosslinking on the physical properties of an epoxy resin. Polym Eng Sci1982; 22: 1213–1220.
33.
ShiY-QFuTXuY-J, et al.Novel phosphorus-containing halogen-free ionic liquid toward fire safety epoxy resin with well-balanced comprehensive performance. Chem Eng J2018; 354: 208–219.
34.
LinCHWangCS. Novel phosphorus-containing epoxy resins part I. Synthesis and properties. Polymer2001; 42: 1869–1878.
35.
ZhangYCXuGLLiangY, et al.Preparation of flame retarded epoxy resins containing DOPO group. Thermochim Acta2016; 643: 33–40.
36.
ZhangWFinaAFerraroG, et al.FTIR and GCMS analysis of epoxy resin decomposition products feeding the flame during UL 94 standard flammability test. Application to the understanding of the blowing-out effect in epoxy/polyhedral silsesquioxane formulations. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis2018; 135: 271–280.
37.
PengWCaiZ. Highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin with a novel DOPO-based triazole compound: thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab2017; 137: 138–150.
38.
SunJWangXWuD. Novel spirocyclic phosphazene-based epoxy resin for halogen-free fire resistance: synthesis, curing behaviors, and flammability characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Int2012; 4: 4047–4061.
39.
XiongYJiangZXieY, et al.Development of a DOPO-containing melamine epoxy hardeners and its thermal and flame-retardant properties of cured products. J Appl Polym Sci2013; 127: 4352–4358.
40.
WuZLiJChenY, et al.Synthesis and liquid oxygen compatibility of a phosphorous-containing epoxy resin. Polym Eng Sci2015; 55: 651–656.
41.
MaCYuBHongN, et al.Facile synthesis of a highly efficient, halogen-free, and intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins: thermal properties, combustion behaviors, and flame-retardant mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res2016; 55: 10868–10879.
42.
FengYHeCWenY, et al.Superior flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy-based composites with phosphorus/nitrogen co-doped graphene. J Hazard Mater2018; 346: 140–151.
43.
ZhangYMZhaoQLiL, et al.Synthesis of a lignin-based phosphorus-containing flame retardant and its application in polyurethane. RSC Adv2018; 8: 32252–32261.
44.
GaanSGangSHutchesK, et al.Effect of nitrogen additives on flame retardant action of tributyl phosphate: phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. Polym Degrad Stab2008; 93: 99–108.
45.
JiangPGuXShengZ, et al.Synthesis, characterization, and utilization of a novel phosphorus/nitrogen-containing flame retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res2015; 54: 2974–2982.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
