Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber is currently one of the best-performing organic fibers; however, its low UV aging resistance limits its use. To improve the UV aging performance of PBO fibers, a novel PBO-Fe-PDA fiber was created by depositing a biomimetic structure of polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of PBO fibers with the transition metal ion Fe3+ as the active center. The surface morphology and elemental composition of PBO-Fe-PDA fibers were investigated. It was revealed that Fe3+ formed a coordination bond structure with the oxazole ring, and PDA was successfully loaded onto the surface of PBO-Fe fibers. After UV aging, the crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of PBO fibers significantly decrease, microcrystals inside the fibers slip, and the size of microvoids in the fibers rises. As a result, the strength of PBO fibers was significantly decreased after UV aging. The anti-UV aging capacity of PBO-Fe-PDA fibers, on the other hand, has been enhanced, as evidenced by a slight drop in crystallinity and crystallographic orientation and a significant decrease in the size growth of internal microvoids in the fibers after UV aging. The tensile strength retention of PBO-Fe-PDA fibers after UV aging increased by 93.13% when compared to PBO fibers without altering the fibers’ initial strength. The testing results show that this surface modification method is simple to employ and extends the service life of PBO fibers significantly.
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