Leading creative research and development efforts: A literature review and proposed framework for the engineering domain

We commonly assume that leadership is not critical to the success of creative efforts. Prior research, however, indicates that effective leadership is, in fact, critical to the success of research and development efforts that allow creative ideas to be developed into innovative new technologies. In the present effort, we examine the key functions that must be executed by those asked to lead research and development efforts. We argue that leaders, to ensure project success, must execute three key functions: (1) lead the work, (2) lead the people doing the work, and (3) lead the firm. The specific activities that must be executed by leaders, for example, evaluating the work, establishing a creative climate, and championing projects, are described. The implications of these observations for the assessment and development of project leaders responsible for creative efforts are discussed.