This work studied the capability of structural adhesives to bond an aluminium rail used to assemble the seats inside the train. Scaled specimens of these joints were mechanically tested under a range of temperatures (−40 °C up to 80 °C) before and after ageing in distilled water in order to simulate real life conditions. A three-dimension numerical simulation was carried out to understand the magnitude of stresses present in the adherends and in the adhesive layer. A new cohesive element was developed using the finite element (FE) to predict the behaviour of an adhesive joint after environmental degradation. Experimental tests were carried out to assess the joint strength and the failure mechanism, experimentally. The model gave accurate results and was able to successfully predict cohesive failure of every joint that failed cohesively in the adhesive layer.
BaneaMDda SilvaLFMCampilhoRDSG, et al.Smart adhesive joints: an overview of recent developments. J Adhesion2014;
90: 16–40.
2.
BaneaMDda SilvaLFM.Adhesively bonded joints in composite materials: an overview. Proc IMechE, Part L: J Materials: Design and Applications2009;
223: 1–18.
3.
MarquesEASda SilvaLFMBaneaMD, et al.Adhesive joints for low- and high-temperature use: an overview. J Adhesion2015;
91: 556–585.
4.
CostaMVianaGda SilvaLFM, et al.Environmental effect on the fatigue degradation of adhesive joints: a review. J Adhesion2016;
93: 127–146.
5.
SugimanSCrocombeADAschroftIA.Experimental and numerical investigation of the static response of environmentally aged adhesively bonded joints. Int J Adhes Adhes2013;
40: 224–237.
6.
HuaYCrocombeADWahabMA, et al.Modelling environmental degradation in EA9321-bonded joints using a progressive damage failure model. J Adhesion2006;
82: 135–160.
7.
BarbosaAQda SilvaLFMOchsnerA.Hygrothermal aging of an adhesive reinforced with microparticles of cork. J Adhes Sci Technol2015;
29: 1714–1732.
8.
LinYCChenX.Moisture sorption-desorption-resorption characteristics and its effect on the mechanical behavior of the epoxy system. Polymer2005;
46: 11994–12003.
9.
KinlochAJLittleMSGWattsJF.The role of the interphase in the environmental failure of adhesive joints. Acta Mater2000;
48: 4543–4553.
10.
FernandesPVianaGCarbasR, et al.The influence of water on the fracture envelope of an adhesive joint.Theor Appl Fract Mech2017;
89: 1–15.
11.
RodriguesTChavesFda SilvaLFM, et al.Determination of the fracture envelope of an adhesive joint as a function moisture. Materialwiss Werkst2017;
48: 1181–1190.
12.
BudheSBaneaMDde BarrosS.Bonded repair of composite structures in aerospace application: a review on environmental issues. Appl Adhes Sci2018;
6: 3.
13.
LohWKCrocombeADWahabMMA, et al.Modelling anomalous moisture uptake, swelling and thermal characteristics of a rubber toughened epoxy adhesive. Int J Adhes Adhes2005;
25: 1–12.
14.
MubasharAAshcroftIACritchlowGW, et al.Moisture absorption-desorption effects in adhesive joints. Int J Adhes Adhes2009;
29: 751–760.
15.
AmeliADatlaNVPapiniM, et al.Hygrothermal properties of highly toughened epoxy adhesives. J Adhesion2010;
86: 698–725.
16.
LiljedahlCDMCrocombeADGauntlettFE, et al.Characterising moisture ingress in adhesively bonded joints using nuclear reaction analysis. Int J Adhes Adhes2009;
29: 356–360.
SuhDWKuMKNamJD, et al.Equilibrium water uptake of epoxy/carbon fiber composites in hygrothermal environmental conditions. J Compos Mater2001;
35: 264–278.
19.
ShanahanMERAuriacY.Water absorption and leaching effects in cellulose diacetate. Polymer1998;
39: 1155–1164.
20.
XiaoGZShanahanMER.Water absorption and desorption in an epoxy resin with degradation. J Polym Sci Pol Phys1997;
35: 2659–2670.
21.
LinYCChenX.Moisture sorption–desorption–resorption characteristics and its effect on the mechanical behavior of the epoxy system. Polymer2005; 46: 11994–12003.
22.
HanXCrocombeADAnwarSNR, et al.The effect of a hot–wet environment on adhesively bonded joints under a sustained load. J Adhesion2014;
90: 420–436.
23.
LiljedahlCDMCrocombeADWahabMA, et al.The effect of residual strains on the progressive damage modelling of environmentally degraded adhesive joints. J Adhes Sci Technol2005;
19: 525–547.
24.
ZhouJMLucasJP.Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of glass transition temperature. Polymer1999;
40: 5513–5522.
25.
ZhouJMLucasJP.Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part I: the nature of water in epoxy. Polymer1999;
40: 5505–5512.
26.
AdamsonMJ.Thermal-expansion and swelling of cured epoxy-resin used in graphite-epoxy composite-materials. J Mater Sci1980;
15: 1736–1745.
27.
XiaoGZShanahanMER.Swelling of DGEBA/DDA epoxy resin during hygrothermal ageing. Polymer1998;
39: 3253–3260.
28.
ChiangMYMFernandez-GarciaM.Relation of swelling and Tg depression to the apparent free volume of a particle-filled, epoxy-based adhesive. J Appl Polym Sci2003;
87: 1436–1444.
29.
ZannideffargesMPShanahanMER.Diffusion of water into an epoxy adhesive–comparison between bulk behavior and adhesive joints. Int J Adhes Adhes1995;
15: 137–142.
30.
VianaGCostaMBaneaMD, et al.Water diffusion in double cantilever beam adhesive joints. Latin Am J Solids Struct2017;
14: 188–201.
31.
BaneaMDSilvaLFM.Mechanical characterization of flexible adhesives. J Adhesion2009;
85: 261–285.
32.
BaneaMDda SilvaLFMCampilhoRDSG.Mode I fracture toughness of adhesively bonded joints as a function of temperature: experimental and numerical study. Int J Adhes Adhes2011;
31: 273–279.
33.
VianaGCostaMBaneaMD, et al.A review on the temperature and moisture degradation of adhesive joints. Proc IMechE, Part L: J Materials: Design and Applications2016;
231: 488–501.
34.
CostaMVianaGda SilvaLFM, et al.Environmental effect on the fatigue degradation of adhesive joints: a review. J Adhesion2017;
93: 127–146.
35.
de Sousa MarquesEAAkhavan-SafarACampilhoRDSG, et al.Advanced numerical models for predicting the load and environmentally dependent behaviour of adhesives and adhesively bonded joints. In: HAltenbachAÖchsner (eds) State of the Art and Future Trends in Material Modeling. Advanced Structured Materials.
vol. 100.
Cham:
Springer, 2019, pp.211–244.
36.
CamanhoPPDávilaCGDe MouraMF.Numerical simulation of mixed-mode progressive delamination in composite materials. J Compos Mater2003;
37: 1415–1438.
37.
VianaGCostaMBaneaMD, et al.Behaviour of environmentally degraded epoxy adhesives as a function of temperature. J Adhesion2016;
93: 95–112.
38.
VianaGCostaMBaneaMD, et al.Moisture and temperature degradation of double cantilever beam adhesive joints. J Adhes Sci Technol2017;
31: 1824–1838.
39.
JurfRAVinsonJR.Effect of moisture on the static and viscoelastic shear properties of epoxy adhesives. J Mater Sci1985;
20: 2979–2989.
40.
CrocombeAD.Durability modelling concepts and tools for the cohesive environmental degradation of bonded structures. Int J Adhes Adhes1997;
17: 229–238.
41.
CrocombeADHuaYXLohWK, et al.Predicting the residual strength for environmentally degraded adhesive lap joints. Int J Adhes Adhes2006;
26: 325–336.
42.
VianaGMachadoJCarbasR, et al.Strain rate dependence of adhesive joints for the automotive industry at low and high temperatures.Int J Adhes Adhes2018;
32: 2162–2179.
43.
del Real-RomeroJCCanoMAbenojarJ, et al.Adhesive bonding of aluminium with structural acrylic adhesives: durability in wet environments. J Adhes Sci Technol2006;
20: 1801–1818.
