Tribology and mechanical properties of thermal treated Al-9Si/10wt%SiC functionally graded composite are compared with as-cast condition. The composite was centrifugally cast as a hollow cylindrical component (Ø(outer) 100 × Ø(inner) 60 × 100 mm), characterized at three wall layers (up to 3, 10, and 18 mm) from the outer periphery. Metallographic analysis on as-cast composite and thermal treated components revealed graded structure and spheroidization of acicular Si, respectively. Elemental mapping and phase formations were confirmed through Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Outer layer of thermal treated component revealed maximum improvement in hardness (26%) and tensile strength (15%) compared to as-cast. Brittle mode of failure was featured through fractography. A combination of adhesive and abrasive mechanisms were predominant during reciprocating wear. EDS analysis of wear debris formed at intermediate sliding distance (1250 m) confirmed the oxide layer formation. Thus, the thermal treated composites are developed for automotive engine components vulnerable to wear.
KumarTSShaliniSPriyadharshiniGS. Effect of T6 treatment on wear behavio of Al-7Si/ZrSiO4 composites. Silicon2020; 1: 1–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12633-020-00492-4.
2.
RanjanAShanmugasundaramA. Experimental investigation of mechanical and tribological properties hybrid composite of Al 7075—MoS2/ZrO2/Ni. Adv Mater Metall2019; 1: 299–309.
3.
SamMRadhikaN. Comparative study on reciprocal tribology performance of mono-hybrid ceramic reinforced Al-9Si-3Cu graded composites. Silicon2020; 1: 1–7.
4.
ChiritaGSoaresDSilvaFS. Advantages of the centrifugal casting technique for the production of structural components with Al–Si alloys. Mater Des2008; 29: 20–27.
SamMJojithRRadhikaN. Progression in manufacturing of functionally graded materials and impact of thermal treatment—A critical review. J Manuf Process2021; 68: 1339–1377.
7.
Anandha KumarCJMohanDG. Predicting the ultimate tensile strength and wear rate of aluminium hybrid surface composites fabricated via friction stir processing using computational methods. J Adhes Sci Technol2021; 1: 1–20. DOI: 10.1080/01694243.2021.1982237
8.
MohanDGGopiS. Optimized parameters prediction for single-pass friction stir welding on dissimilar aluminium alloys T-joint. Int J Emerg Technol2021; 12: 22–27.
9.
SrivyasPDCharooMS. Tribological behavior of hybrid aluminum self-lubricating composites under dry sliding conditions at elevated temperature. Tribol - Mater Surf Inter2021; 1: 1–5.
10.
RakhmonovJTimelliGBonolloF. Influence of melt superheat, Sr modifier, and Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner on microstructural evolution of secondary Al-Si-Cu alloys. Metall Mater Trans A2016; 47: 5510–5521.
11.
SaadatmandMMohandesiJA. Comparison between wear resistance of functionally graded and homogenous Al-SiC nanocomposite produced by friction stir processing (FSP). J Mater Eng Perform2014; 23: 736–742.
12.
SanthoshVPrakashDAMuruganK, et al.Thermo-mechanical analysis of Tailor-made functionally graded materials through Friction stir processing. Mater Today Proc2020; 33: 4445–4449. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.687
13.
ZhuLQiuFZouQ, et al.Multiscale design of α-Al, eutectic silicon and Mg2Si phases in Al-Si-Mg alloy manipulated by in situ nanosized crystals. Mater Sci Eng A2021; 802: 140627
14.
HanYLiuXBianX. In situ TiB2 particulate reinforced near eutectic Al–Si alloy composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 439–444.
15.
RameshCSKhanAARavikumarN, et al.Prediction of wear coefficient of Al6061–TiO2 composites. Wear2005; 259: 602–608.
16.
KumarGVRaoCSSelvarajN. Studies on mechanical and dry sliding wear of Al6061–SiC composites. Compos Part B Appl Sci Manuf2012; 43: 1185–1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.046.
17.
RajanTPPillaiRMPaiBC. Characterization of centrifugal cast functionally graded aluminum-silicon carbide metal matrix composites. Mater Charact2010; 61: 923–928.
18.
KumarSChakrabortyMSarmaVS, et al.Tensile and wear behaviour of in situ Al–7Si/TiB2 particulate composites. Wear2008; 265: 134–142.
19.
PashaMBKaleemullaM. Processing and characterization of aluminum metal matrix composites: an overview. Rev Adv Mater Sci2018; 56: 79–90. DOI: 10.1515/rams-2018-0039.
20.
GautamGMohanA. Effect of ZrB2 particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid (ZrB2+ Al3Zr)/AA5052 insitu composites. J Alloy Compd2015; 649: 174–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.096.
21.
DasSChandrasekaranMSamantaS. Comparison of mechanical properties of AA6061 reinforced with (SiC/B4C) micro/nano ceramic particle reinforcements. Mater Today Proc2018; 5: 18110–18119.
22.
DasDKMishraPCSinghS, et al.Fabrication and heat treatment of ceramic-reinforced aluminium matrix composites-a review. Int J Mech Mater Eng2014; 9: 1–5.
23.
BalázsiCFényiBHegmanN, et al.Development of CNT/Si3N4 composites with improved mechanical and electrical properties. Compos B Eng2006; 37: 418–424.
24.
WalczakMPieniakDZwierzchowskiM. The tribological characteristics of SiC particle reinforced aluminium composites. Arch Civ Mech Eng2015; 15: 116–123.
25.
GopalakrishnanSMuruganN. Production and wear characterization of AA 6061 matrix titanium carbide particulate reinforced composite by enhanced stir casting method. Compos Part B2012; 43: 302–308.
26.
Bi-ChengZShangSLWangY, et al.Data set for diffusion coefficients of alloying elements in dilute mg alloys from first-principles. Data Br2015; 5: 900–912
27.
MyriounisDPHasanSTMatikasTE. Microdeformation behaviour of Al–SiC metal matrix composites. Compos Interf2008; 15: 495–514.
28.
Pech-CanulMILozanoREDávilaMA, et al.The use of fly-ash and rice-hull-ash in Al/SiCp composites: a comparative study of the corrosion and mechanical behavior. Rev Mater2019; 15: 231–239.
29.
BembalgeOBPanigrahiSK. Influence of SiC ceramic reinforcement size in establishing wear mechanisms and wear maps of ultrafine grained AA6063 composites. Ceram Int2019; 45: 20091–20104.
30.
VijeeshVPrabhuKN. Review of microstructure evolution in hypereutectic Al–Si alloys and its effect on wear properties. Trans Indian Inst Met2014; 67: 1–8.
31.
OgelBİGurbuzRI. Microstructural characterization and tensile properties of hot-pressed Al–SiC composites prepared from pure Al and Cu powders. Mater Sci Eng A2001; 301(2): 213–220.
32.
FathyASadounAAbdelhameedM. Effect of matrix/reinforcement particle size ratio (PSR) on the mechanical properties of extruded Al–SiC composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2014; 73(5–8): 1049–1056.
33.
ChenRIwabuchiAShimizuT. The effect of a T6 heat treatment on the fretting wear of a SiC particle-reinforced A356 aluminum alloy matrix composite. Wear2000; 238: 110–119. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00328-2.
34.
FerroACDerbyB. Wetting behaviour in the Al-Si/SiC system: interface reactions and solubility effects. Acta Metall Mater1995; 43: 3061–3073.
35.
SoundararajanRSivasankaranSBabuN, et al.Appraisal of tribological properties of A356 with 20% SiC composites under dry sliding condition. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng2020; 42: 1–2.
36.
LashgariHRZangenehSShahmirH, et al.Heat treatment effect on the microstructure, tensile properties and dry sliding wear behavior of A356–10% B4C cast composites. Mater Des2010; 31: 4414–4422.
37.
LiKZhangJChenX, et al.Microstructure evolution of eutectic Si in Al-7Si binary alloy by heat treatment and its effect on enhancing thermal conductivity. J Mater Res Technol2020; 9: 8780–8786.
38.
DwivediSPSharmaSMishraRK. Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356/SiC metal matrix composites produced by two different melting routes. Int J Manuf Eng2014; 21.
39.
RajanTPPaiBC. Developments in processing of functionally gradient metals and metal–ceramic composites: a review. ACTA METALL Sin-engl2014; 27: 825–838.
40.
SahinY. Preparation and some properties of SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites. Mater Des2003; 24: 671–679.
41.
WatanabeYInagumaYSatoH, et al.A novel fabrication method for functionally graded materials under centrifugal force: the centrifugal mixed-powder method. Mater2009; 2: 2510–2525.
42.
SamMRadhikaN. Development of functionally graded Cu–Sn–Ni/Al2O3 composite for bearing applications and investigation of its mechanical and wear behavior. Particul Sci Technol2019; 37: 220–231. DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2017.1364312.
43.
ShalabyEAChuryumovAY. Development and characterization of A359/AlN composites for automotive applications. J Alloys Compd2017; 727: 540–548.
44.
OzbenTKilickapECakırO. Investigation of mechanical and machinability properties of SiC particle reinforced Al-MMC. J Mater Process Tech2008; 198: 220–225.
45.
El-GallabMSkladM. Machining of Al/SiC particulate metal matrix composites: Part II: Workpiece surface integrity. J Mater Process Tech1998; 83: 277–285.
46.
MazaheryAShabaniMO. Microstructural and abrasive wear properties of SiC reinforced aluminum-based composite produced by compo-casting. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc2013; 23: 1905–1914.
47.
ShinCSHuangJC. Effect of temper, specimen orientation and test temperature on the tensile and fatigue properties of SiC particles reinforced PM 6061 Al alloy. Int J Fatigue2010; 32: 1573–1581.
48.
BrettSDohertyRD. Loss of solute at the fracture surface in fatigued aluminium precipitation-hardened alloys. Mater Sci Eng1978; 32: 255–265.
49.
LloydDJ. Particle reinforced aluminium and Mg matrix composites. Int Mater Rev1994; 39: 1–24.
50.
MengTFengYWangR, et al.Effect of Grp on microstructure and properties of SiCp/Al composites for brake discs. Tribol Trans2021; 64: 873–882.
51.
CoyalAYuvarajNButolaR, et al.An experimental analysis of tensile, hardness and wear properties of aluminium metal matrix composite through stir casting process. SN Appl Sci2020; 2: 1–10.
52.
TyagiLButolaRJhaAK. Mechanical and tribological properties of AA7075-T6 metal matrix composite reinforced with ceramic particles and aloevera ash via Friction stir processing. Mater Res Express2020; 7: 066526.
53.
NaijuCDAnilPM. Influence of operating parameters on the reciprocating sliding wear of direct metal deposition (DMD) components using Taguchi method. Proced Eng2017; 174: 1016–1027.
54.
StojanovicBBlagojevicJBabicM, et al.Optimization of hybrid aluminum composites wear using Taguchi method and artificial neural network. Ind Lubr Tribol2017; 69: 1005–1015.
55.
ButolaRTyagiLSingariRM, et al.Mechanical and wear performance of Al/SiC surface composite prepared through friction stir processing, Mater Res Express2021; 8: 016520. DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/abd89d.
56.
SamMRadhikaN. Influence of carbide ceramic reinforcements in improving tribological properties of A333 graded hybrid composites. Def Technol2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2021.06.005.
57.
ZhuSZhangBTaoX, et al.Microstructure and tribology performance of plasma-clad intermetallic-reinforced CoCrFeMnNi-Based high-entropy alloy composite coatings. Tribol Trans2021; 64: 264–274.
58.
ZhangPChenCXiaoC, et al.Effects of surface chemical groups and environmental media on tribo-chemical running-in behaviors of silicon surface. Tribol Int2018; 128: 174–180.
59.
DuFLiCMiZ, et al.Friction performance of aluminum-silicon alloy cylinder liner after chemical etching and laser finishing. Metals2019; 9: 431.
60.
PaidarMOjoOOEzatpourHR, et al.Influence of multi-pass FSP on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological characterization of Al/B4C composite fabricated by accumulative roll bonding (ARB). Surf Coat Technol2019; 361: 159–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.043
61.
LiuFFengLRenJ, et al.Tribological properties of in situ fabricated Fe-Al matrix composites containing SrAl2O4, FeAl2O4, and FeO at elevated temperatures. Tribol Trans2021; 1: 1–3.
62.
BabuKVJappesJWRajanTP, et al.Dry sliding wear studies on SiC reinforced functionally graded aluminium matrix composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Pt L J Mater Des Appl2016; 230: 182–189. DOI: 10.1177/1464420714556665
63.
PaidarMBokovDMehrezS, et al.Improvement of mechanical and wear behavior by the development of a new tool for the Friction Stir Processing of Mg/B4C composite. Surf Coat Technol2021; 426: 127797. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127797.
64.
SamMRadhikaNPavan SaiK. Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum metal matrix composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C2020; 234: 4493–4504.
65.
SuganeswaranKParameshwaranRMohanrajT, et al.Influence of secondary phase particles Al2O3/SiC on the microstructure and tribological characteristics of AA7075-based surface hybrid composites tailored using friction stir processing. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci2021; 235: 161–178.
66.
ShorowordiKM, Haseeb AS and Celis JP. Velocity effects on the wear, friction and tribochemistry of aluminum MMC sliding against phenolic brake pad. Wear2004; 256: 1176–1181.
67.
RadhikaNReghunathRSamM. Improvement of mechanical and tribological properties of centrifugally cast functionally graded copper for bearing applications. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci2019; 233: 3208–3219.
