Hybrid electric vehicles offer potential for reducing the oil consumption and the generation of greenhouse gases, but they have a high battery price and short battery longevity. This paper presents an energy management strategy for power-split hybrid electric vehicles, which seeks not only to reduce the gasoline consumption but also to prolong the battery life. The instantaneous battery usage is penalized by its influence on the battery lifespan. This influence is defined by a new concept of battery ageing, i.e. the battery-fading index, which represents the ageing rate of the battery in various conditions. The multi-objective optimization problem is achieved by a model predictive control framework. The results indicate that the proposed energy management strategy effectively reduces battery fading with only a relatively small increase in the fuel consumption.
ChaturvediNAKleinRChristensenJ. Algorithms for advanced battery-management systems modeling, estimation, and control challenges for lithium-ion batteries. IEEE Control System Mag2010; 30(3): 49–68.
2.
KimNRousseauA.Thermal impact on the control and the efficiency of the 2010 Toyota Prius hybrid electric vehicle. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2016; 230(1): 82–92.
3.
RoyHKMcGordonAJenningsPA.Reducing the variability of hybrid electric vehicle fuel economy in the real world. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2016; 230(8): 1121–1130.
4.
BashashSMouraSJFormanJC. Plugin hybrid electric vehicle charge pattern optimization for energy cost and battery longevity. J Power Sources2011; 196(1): 541–549.
5.
ZhangXMiCYinC.Active-charging based powertrain control in series hybrid electric vehicles for efficiency improvement and battery lifetime extension. J Power Sources2014; 245: 292–300.
6.
ShidoreNKwonJVyasA.Trade-off between PHEV fuel efficiency and estimated battery cycle life with cost analysis. In: 2009 IEEE vehicle power and propulsion conference, Dearborn, Michigan, USA, 7–10 September 2009, pp. 669–677.New York: IEEE.
7.
MouraSJSteinJLFathyHK.Battery-health conscious power management in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles via electrochemical modeling and stochastic control. IEEE Trans Control System Technol2013; 21(3): 679–694.
8.
EbbesenSElbertPGuzzellaL.Battery state-of-health perceptive energy management for hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol2012; 61(7): 2893–2900.
9.
SalmasiFR.Control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: evolution, classification, comparison, and future trends. IEEE Trans Veh Technol2007; 56(51): 2393–2404.
10.
SciarrettaAGuzzellaL.Control of hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Control System Mag2007; 27(2): 60–70.
11.
TaoXWagnerJ.A thermal management system for the battery pack of a hybrid electric vehicle: modeling and control. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2016; 230(2): 190–201.
12.
LiuJPengHFilipiZ.Modeling and analysis of the Toyota hybrid system. In: 2005 IEEE/ASME international conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics, Monterey, California, USA, 24–28 July 2005, pp. 134–139. New York: IEEE.
13.
EnangWBannisterCBraceCVaggC.Modelling and heuristic control of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2015; 229(11): 1494–1513.
14.
BrahmaAGuezennecYRizzoniG.Optimal energy management in series hybrid electric vehicles. In: 2000 American control conference, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 28–30 June 2000, pp. 60–64. New York: IEEE.
15.
LiuJPengH. Control optimization for a power-split hybrid vehicle. In: 2006 American control conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 14–16 June 2006, pp. 466–471. New York: IEEE.
16.
WangRLukicSM.Dynamic programming technique in hybrid electric vehicle optimization. In: 2012 IEEE international electric vehicle conference, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, 4–8 March 2012, pp. 1–8. New York: IEEE.
17.
DhandAPullenK.Optimal energy management for a flywheel-assisted battery electric vehicle. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2015; 229(12): 1672–1682.
18.
WangJWangQZengXWangP.Research on the optimal power management strategy for a hybrid electric bus. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2015; 229(11): 1529–1542.
19.
YeXJinZHuXLuQ.Design and implementation of a real-time power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric bus. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2014; 228(13): 1581–1598.
20.
EnangWBannisterC.Robust proportional ECMS control of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2016; 231(1): 99–119.
21.
BorhanHVahidiAPhillipsAM. MPC-Based energy management of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle. IEEE Trans Control System Technol2012; 20(3): 593–603.
22.
YanFWangJHuangK.Hybrid electric vehicle model predictive control torque-split strategy incorporating engine transient characteristics. IEEE Trans Veh Technol2012; 61(6): 2458–2467.
23.
WangWXiangCLiuHJiaS.A model-predictive-control-based power management strategy for a power-split electromechanical transmission. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2016; 19(4): 108–109.
24.
RamadesiganVNorthropPWDeS.Modeling and simulation of lithium-ion batteries from a systems engineering perspective. J Electrochem Soc2012; 159(3): 31–45.
25.
VetterJNovakPWagnerMR. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources2005; 147(1): 269–281.
26.
BrousselyMBiensanPBonhommeF. Main aging mechanisms in Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources2005; 146(1): 90–96.
27.
WangJLiuPHicks-GarnerJ. Cycle-life model for graphite–LiFePO4 cells. J Power Sources2011; 196(8): 3942–3948.
28.
SerraoLZakariaCGuezennecYRizzoniG.Aging model of Ni–MH batteries for hybrid electric vehicles. In: IEEE 2005 vehicle power and propulsion conference, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 7–9 September 2005, pp. 78–85. New York: IEEE.
LuZSongJYuanHShenL.MPC-based torque distribution strategy for energy management of power-split hybrid electric vehicles. In: 2013 Chinese control conference, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China, 26–28 July 2013, pp. 7650–7655. New York: IEEE.
NeubauerJBrookerAWoodE.Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy management, and charge strategies. J Power Sources2013; 236: 357–364.
