The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of site operating conditions on the real site TKPH (tonne-kilometer-per-hour) of ultra-large off-the-road (OTR) tires. To achieve this, a novel finite element OTR tire thermal (OTRTire-T) model was developed to predict the temperatures of OTR tires. As per the results from the OTRTire-T model, the cycle length coefficient K1 and the site ambient temperature coefficient K2 were refined and then compared with existing coefficients in the literature for cross-verification. After cross-verification, these K1 and K2 coefficients were used to calculate the real site TKPHs. The real site TKPHs were investigated under different site operating conditions (i.e. average vertical tire loads, average cycle speeds, ambient temperatures, and cycle lengths). The results showed that the real site TKPH increased with a rise in average cycle speeds from 10 to 45 km/h and an elevation of ambient temperatures from −30°C to 40°C. At low ambient temperatures below 15°C, as per the real site TKPH, the loading capacity of the truck may increase (compared with its rating payload of 363 t) at mine sites. In addition, the real site TKPH increased relatively rapidly when the cycle lengths were short but rose slowly, or even leveled off, with a further increase in cycle lengths.
MeechJParreiraJ. Predicting wear and temperature of autonomous haulage truck tires. IFAC Proc Volumes2013; 46: 142–147.
3.
ParreiraJ. An interactive simulation model to compare an autonomous haulage truck system with a manually-operated system. PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada, 2013.
4.
MaSWuLLiuWV. Numerical investigation of temperatures in ultra-large off-the-road tires under operating conditions at mine sites. J Therm Sci Eng Appl2023; 15: 1–51.
5.
KerrCL. Load G-level as a truck-ground KPI. Master’s Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada, 2017.
6.
LiYLiuWYFrimpongS. Effect of ambient temperature on stress, deformation and temperature of dump truck tire. Eng Fail Anal2012; 23: 55–62.
7.
NyaabaW. Thermomechanical fatigue life investigation of an ultra-large mining dump truck tire. Dissertation, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA, 2017.
CarterRA. Tools to tackle tire life challenges. Eng Min J2016; 217: 62.
11.
KagogoTS. A critical evaluation of haul truck tyre performance and management system at Rössing Uranium Mine. J South Afr Inst Min Metall2014; 114: 293–298.
PascualRRománMLópez-CamposM, et al. Reducing mining footprint by matching haul fleet demand and route-oriented tire types. J Clean Prod2019; 227: 645–651.
15.
Magna. Magna technical book. 2014.
16.
Bridgestone. Data book for Bridgestone off-the-road tires. 2020.
17.
MaraisJ. Numerical modelling and evaluation of the temperature distribution in an Earthmover Tyre: establishing a safe operating envelope. Dissertation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 2017.
18.
ChoJRLeeHWJeongWB, et al. Numerical estimation of rolling resistance and temperature distribution of 3-D periodic patterned tire. Int J Solids Struct2013; 50: 86–96.
19.
XiaK. Finite element modeling of tire/terrain interaction: application to predicting soil compaction and tire mobility. J Terramechanics2011; 48: 113–123.
20.
SmithRETangTJohnsonD, et al. Simulation of thermal signature of tires and tracks. Report, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, USA, 2012.
21.
TangTJohnsonDSmithRE, et al. Numerical evaluation of the temperature field of steady-state rolling tires. Appl Math Model2014; 38: 1622–1637.
22.
KimBLeeSBLeeJ, et al. A comparison among Neo-Hookean model, Mooney-Rivlin model, and Ogden model for chloroprene rubber. Int J Precis Eng Manuf2012; 13: 759–764.
23.
KumarNRaoVV. Hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin model: determination and physical interpretation of material constants. Parameters2016; 2(10): 1.
24.
LiangCJiLMousaviH, et al. Evaluation of tire traction performance on dry surface based on tire-road contact stress. In: DumitruICovaciuDRacilaL, et al. (eds) SIAR international congress of automotive and transport engineering: science and management of automotive and transportation engineering. Cham: Springer, 2019, pp.138–152.
25.
NevesRRVMicheliGBAlvesM. An experimental and numerical investigation on tyre impact. Int J Impact Eng2010; 37: 685–693.
26.
WangWYanSZhaoS. Experimental verification and finite element modeling of radial truck tire under static loading. J Reinforced Plast Compos2013; 32: 490–498.
27.
ZhouHWangGDingY, et al. Effect of friction model and tire maneuvering on tire-pavement contact stress. Adv Mater Sci Eng2015; 2015: 1–11.
28.
HuXLiuXShanY, et al. Simulation and experimental validation of sound field in a rotating tire cavity arising from acoustic cavity resonance. Appl Sci2021; 11: 1121.
29.
SchuringDJSkinnerGTRaeWJ. Contained air flow in a radial tire. SAE Trans1981; 90: 705–712.
30.
ClarkSK. Temperature rise times in pneumatic tires. Tire Sci Technol1976; 4: 181–189.
31.
HeY. Study of the unsteady temperature field of tire. PhD Thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, 2005.
32.
AnzabiRVNobesDSLipsettMG. Haul truck tire dynamics due to tire condition. J Phys Conf Ser2012; 364: 12005.
33.
AnzabiRV. Haul truck tire reliability and condition monitoring. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada, 2015.
34.
AllouisCFarroniFSakhnevychA, et al. Tire thermal characterization: test procedure and model parameters evaluation. In: Proceedings of the world congress on engineering, London, UK, 29 June–1 July 2016.
35.
FarroniFSakhnevychATimponeF. Physical modelling of tire wear for the analysis of the influence of thermal and frictional effects on vehicle performance. Proc IMechE, Part L: J Materials Design and Applications2017; 231: 151–161.
36.
WuW. Simulation analysis of tire temperature field. Master’s Thesis, Jilin University, China, 2017.
37.
LinYJHwangSJ. Temperature prediction of rolling tires by computer simulation. Math Comput Simul2004; 67: 235–249.
38.
MaSHuangGObaiaK, et al. A novel phenomenological model for predicting hysteresis loss of rubber compounds obtained from ultra-large off-the-road tires. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2023; 237: 207–223.
39.
MaSHuangGObaiaK, et al. Hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road tire rubber compounds based on operating conditions at mine sites. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2022; 236: 439–450.
40.
BergmanTLLavineASIncroperaFP, et al. Introduction to heat transfer. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
41.
CebeciTBradshawP. Physical and computational aspects of convective heat transfer. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
KravchenkoASaknoO. Tire life adjustment on the coefficients of operational and road conditions. Teka Kom Motoryz i Energ Rol11: 121–128.
47.
XuNHashemiETangZ, et al. Data-driven tire capacity estimation with experimental verification. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst2022; 23: 21569–21581.
48.
ThompsonRPeroniRVisserA. Mining haul roads: theory and practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2019.
49.
KrzyzanowskaJ. The impact of mixed fleet hauling on mining operations at Venetia mine. J South Afr Inst Min Metall2007; 107: 215–224.
50.
Le SauxVMarcoYCallochS, et al. Fast evaluation of the fatigue lifetime of rubber-like materials based on a heat build-up protocol and micro-tomography measurements. Int J Fatigue2010; 32: 1582–1590.
51.
LiFLiuJYangH, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental verification of heat build-up for rubber compounds. Polymer2016; 101: 199–207.
52.
GhoreishyMHRAlimardaniMMehrabianRZ, et al. Modeling the hyperviscoelastic behavior of a tire tread compound reinforced by silica and carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci2013; 128: 1725–1731.
53.
MaraisJVenterG. Numerical modelling of the temperature distribution in the cross-section of an earthmover tyre. Appl Math Model2018; 57: 360–375.
54.
JaymeAAl-QadiIL. Thermomechanical coupling of a hyper-viscoelastic truck tire and a pavement layer and its impact on three-dimensional contact stresses. Transp Res Rec2021; 2675: 359–372.
55.
DubinkinDKulpinASteninD. Justification of the number and type of tire size for a dump truck with a lifting capacity from 90 to 130 tons. In: E3S web of conferences, 2020, p.3015. EDP Sciences.
56.
BehnkeRKaliskeM. Numerical modeling of thermal aging in steady state rolling tires. Int J Non Linear Mech2018; 103: 145–153.
