Microwaves were initially established for communication in the 1930s and subsequently on account of their substantial benefits, including uniform volumetric heating, cost-effectiveness, cleanliness, repeatability, reproducibility, time efficiency, and environmental sustainability originated as heating mechanisms for organic materials and water. Successively, microwave energy was utilized for ceramics and polymer processing and conclusively, the joining of metallic materials. Despite the common belief that microwaves cannot process metallic materials, this review methodologically investigates the microwave joining of bulk metallic materials through electromagnetic interaction; with a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic interaction and inherent heating mechanisms in categorical materials. In this paper, the literature has been established thematically to efficiently elucidate the utilization of supplemental materials (such as interface powders, caskets, and susceptors) used in joining bulk metallic materials. The article describes the development of experimental setups based on the previously neglected issues and shortcomings that have seldom been discussed in any review. Subsequently, the examination of the operational process parameters involved in microwave joining, and the joint delineation through physical and mechanical characterization have been expounded. Major contribution of this review article is that 11 types of experimental assembly setups relating to microwave hybrid heating have been elaborately discussed and compared so that the practitioner can select the best possible assembly setup as per the application-specific requirements. Another key contribution of this review pertains to the thoughtful discussions on operational parameters such as microwave frequency, exposure time, power of the magnetron, and location of the experimental assembly, which will be helpful to the researchers while optimizing the microwave hybrid heating based joining process. Another major finding from this review is that microwave joining of metals and alloys will be witnessing significant developments within next few years mainly due to its major benefits including sustainability and ease of automating the microwave process through Industry 4.0 applications.
CroqueselJBouvardDChaixJM, et al.Development of an instrumented and automated single mode cavity for ceramic microwave sintering: application to an alpha pure alumina powder. Mater Des2015; 88: 98–105.
2.
SobolH. Microwave communications - an historical perspective. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech1984; 32: 1170–1181.
3.
SaltielCDattaAK. Heat and mass transfer in microwave processing. Advances in Heat Transfer1999; 33: 1–94.
4.
ThostensonETChouT-W. Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf1999; 30: 1055–1071.
TayierWJanasekaranSTaiVC. Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) of Ni-based alloy powder on Ni and steel-based metals – a review on fundamentals and parameters. Int J Light Mater Manuf2022; 5: 58–73.
10.
LuYHeZXuJ, et al.A novel method by microwave cutting ceramics based on thermal crack and trajectory control. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2023; 125: 3853–3867.
11.
BogdalDBednarzSMatras-PostolekK. Microwave-assisted synthesis of hybrid polymer materials and composites. Adv Polym Sci2016; 274: 241–294.
12.
WuQXiaNLongD, et al.Dual-functional supernanoparticles with microwave dynamic therapy and microwave thermal therapy. Nano Lett2019; 19: 5277–5286.
13.
RoyRAgrawalDChengJ,et al.Full sintering of powdered-metal bodies in a microwave field. Nature1999; 399: 668–670.
14.
TianNWangJWLiF, et al.Enhanced microwave absorption of Fe flakes with magnesium ferrite cladding. J Magn Magn Mater2012; 324: 4175–4178.
15.
XuFLiYHuX, et al.In situ investigation of metal’s microwave sintering. Mater Lett2012; 67: 162–164.
16.
XuLPengJBaiH, et al.Application of microwave melting for the recovery of tin powder. Engineering2017; 3: 423–427.
17.
PradeepDGNithinHSSharathBN,et al.Evaluation of dry sliding wear behavior of thermally sprayed and microwave post-processed TiO2 reinforced tungsten carbide composite coating. Weld World2023; 68: 199–211.
18.
MehtaAVasudevHJeyaprakashN. Role of sustainable manufacturing approach: microwave processing of materials. Int J Interact Des Manuf2023; 18: 5283–5299.
19.
HossainFTurnerJVWilsonR, et al.State-of-the-art in microwave processing of metals, metal powders and alloys. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2024; 202: 114650.
20.
BiesuzMSaundersTKeD, et al.A review of electromagnetic processing of materials (EPM): heating, sintering, joining and forming. J Mater Sci Technol2021; 69: 239–272.
21.
LoharkarPKIngleAJhavarS. Parametric review of microwave-based materials processing and its applications. J Mater Res Technol2019; 8: 3306–3326.
22.
SinghTSehgalS. Computational modeling and simulation of the microwave hybrid heating process : a state of the art review. Arch Comput Methods Eng2024; 31: 1153–1200.
23.
SharmaAKMishraRR. Role of particle size in microwave processing of metallic material systems. Mater Sci Technol (United Kingdom)2018; 34: 123–137.
24.
GrohmannSLanghansGReindlA, et al.Investigation of reactive bimetallic Ni-al particles as a heat source for microwave-assisted joining. J Mater Process Technol2020; 282: 116637.
ClarkDEFolzDCWestJK. Processing materials with microwave energy. Mater Sci Eng A2000; 287: 153–158.
27.
SioresEDo RegoD. Microwave applications in materials joining. J Mater Process Technol1995; 48: 619–625.
28.
ZhangHDattaAK. Microwave power absorption in single - and multiple - item foods. Food Bioprod Process2003; 81: 257–265.
29.
SturmGSJStefanidisGDVerweijMD, et al.Design principles of microwave applicators for small-scale process equipment. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif2010; 49: 912–922.
30.
AyappaKGDavisHTCrapisteG, et al.Microwave heating: an evaluation of power formulations. Chem Eng Sci1991; 46: 1005–1016.
31.
Maxim ITanakaM. Numerical analysis of the microwave heating of compacted copper powders in single-mode cavity. Jpn J Appl Phys2011; 50: 097302.
32.
AyappaKGDavisHTDavisEA,et al.Analysis of microwave heating of materials with temperature-dependent properties. AIChE J1991; 37: 313–322.
33.
StrattonJA. Electromagnetic theory, Volume 33. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007.
34.
MishraRRSharmaAK. A review of research trends in microwave processing of metal-based materials and opportunities in microwave metal casting. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci2016; 41: 217–255.
MishraRRSharmaAK. On mechanism of in-situ microwave casting of aluminium alloy 7039 and cast microstructure. JMADE2016; 112: 97–106.
37.
SinghBZafarS. Understanding temperature characteristics during microwave cladding through process modeling and experimental investigation. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol2022; 37: 401–413.
38.
MishraRRSharmaAK. Microwave-material interaction phenomena: heating mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in material processing. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2016; 81: 78–97.
39.
ZhaoYChenJ. Applications of microwaves in nuclear chemistry and engineering. Prog Nucl Energy2008; 50: –6.
40.
BuchelnikovVDLouzguine-LuzginDVXieG, et al.Heating of metallic powders by microwaves: experiment and theory. J Appl Phys2008; 104: 113505.
41.
BuchelnikovVDLouzguine-LuzginDVAnzulevichAP, et al.Modeling of microwave heating of metallic powders. Phys B Condens Matter2008; 403: 4053–4058.
42.
IgnatenkoMTanakaMSatoM. Absorption of microwave energy by a spherical nonmagnetic metal particle. Jpn J Appl Phys2009; 48: 67001.
43.
RybakovKISemenovVEEgorovSV, et al.Microwave heating of conductive powder materials. J Appl Phys2006; 99: 23506.
44.
AnklekarRMBauerKAgrawalDK,et al.Improved mechanical properties and microstructural development of microwave sintered copper and nickel steel PM parts. Powder Metall2005; 48: 39–46.
45.
BhattSCGhetiyaND. 3D multiphysics simulation of microwave heating of bulk metals with parametric variations. Chem Eng Process - Process Intensif2023; 184: 109271.
46.
SrinathMSSharmaAKKumarP. Investigation on microstructural and mechanical properties of microwave processed dissimilar joints. J Manuf Process2011; 13: 141–146.
47.
SrinathMSSharmaAKumarP. Microwave processing of metallic joints and their characterization. I – Manag J Mech Eng2011; 1: 21–25.
48.
PalMKumarVSehgalS, et al.Microwave hybrid heating based optimized joining of SS304/SS316. Mater Manuf Process2021; 36: 1554–1560.
49.
MoulsonAJHerbertJM. Electroceramics: materials, properties, applications. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
50.
PozarDM. Microwave engineering. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
51.
BhattacharyaMBasakT. A review on the susceptor assisted microwave processing of materials. Energy2016; 97: 306–338.
52.
GuptaMLeongEWW. Microwaves and metals. New Jersey, USA: Wiley, 2008.
53.
BalanisCA. Advanced engineering electromagnetics. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
54.
HottaMHayashiMLanaganMT, et al.Complex permittivity of graphite, carbon black and coal powders in the ranges of X-band frequencies (8.2 to 12.4 GHz) and between 1 and 10 GHz. ISIJ Int2011; 51: 1766–1772.
55.
PicklesCA. Microwaves in extractive metallurgy: part 1 – review of fundamentals. Miner Eng2009; 22: 1102–1111.
56.
LinHZhuHGuoH,et al.Investigation of the microwave-absorbing properties of Fe-filled carbon nanotubes. Mater Lett2007; 61: 3547–3550.
57.
TamangSAravindanS. Microwave energy for joining of dissimilar metals. In: RajaE (ed.) Sustainable smart manufacturing processes in industry 4.0.Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2023, pp.115–134.
58.
LuoJHunyarCFeherL, et al.Potential advantages for millimeter-wave heating of powdered metals. Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves2004; 25: 1271–1283.
PengZHwangJ-YMourisJ, et al.Microwave penetration depth in materials with non-zero magnetic susceptibility. ISIJ Int2010; 50: 1590–1596.
62.
LingappaSMSrinathMSAmarendraHJ. An experimental investigation to find the critical (coupling) temperature in microwave hybrid heating of bulk metallic materials. Mater Res Express2017; 4: 106521.
63.
GoswamiESrivastavaAKKumarA, et al.Review of microstructural and mechanical properties of microwave welding of lightweight alloys. In: KumarAKumarPSrivastavaAK (eds) Modeling, characterization, and processing of smart materials. Pennsylvania, USA: IGI Global, 2023, pp.185–204.
64.
BhandariSGuptaSMishraRR, et al.On microstructural and mechanical properties of 21-4-N nitronic steel joint developed using microwave energy. J Micromanufacturing2023; 6: 12–18.
65.
SinghSSuriNMBelokarRM. Characterization of joint developed by fusion of aluminum metal powder through microwave hybrid heating. Mater Today Proc2015; 2: 1340–1346.
66.
LoganathanDGnanavelbabuARajkumarK,et al.Effect of microwave heat treatment on mechanical properties of AA6061 sheet metal. Procedia Eng2014; 97: 1692–1697.
67.
GuptaMWongWLE. Enhancing overall mechanical performance of metallic materials using two-directional microwave assisted rapid sintering. Scr Mater2005; 52: 479–483.
68.
MondalAShuklaAUpadhyayaA,et al.Effect of porosity and particle size on microwave heating of copper. Sci Sinter2010; 42: 169–182.
69.
SrinathMSSharmaAKKumarP. A new approach to joining of bulk copper using microwave energy. Mater Des2011; 32: 2685–2694.
70.
GuptaDSharmaAK. Copper coating on austenitic stainless steel using microwave hybrid heating. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E J Process Mech Eng2011; 226: 132–141.
71.
GeorgeTSharmaAKumarP. A feasibility study on microwave drilling of metallic materials, I-manager’s. J Mech Eng2012; 2: 1–6.
72.
de Santana SilvaRSánchez OrozcoMCCarvajal FalsHD,et al.Influence of post-weld heat treatment in buttered interface of AISI 4130 and Inconel alloy welded joints. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2023; 126: 2905–2916.
73.
BansalASharmaAKKumarP,et al.Structure–property correlations in microwave joining of Inconel 718. Jom2015; 67: 2087–2098.
74.
BadigerRINarendranathSSrinathMS. Joining of inconel-625 alloy through microwave hybrid heating and its characterization. J Manuf Process2015; 18: 117–123.
75.
HandaVGoyalPSehgalS. Application of graphite rods in producing inconel 625 (UNS N06625) joints through the use of microwave radiation energy. Indian J Eng Mater Sci2022; 29: 378–384.
76.
DongZLiYLeeB, et al.Research status of welding technology of ferritic stainless steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2022; 118: 2805–2831.
77.
SinghSSinghPGuptaD, et al.Development and characterization of microwave processed cast iron joint. Eng Sci Technol an Int J2019; 22: 569–577.
78.
GamitDMishraRRSharmaAK. Joining of mild steel pipes using microwave hybrid heating at 2.45 GHz and joint characterization. J Manuf Process2017; 27: 158–168.
79.
GuptaPKumarSKumarA. Study of joint formed by tungsten carbide bearing alloy through microwave welding. Mater Manuf Process2013; 28: 601–604.
80.
BansalASharmaAKKumarP,et al.Investigation on microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar weld between mild steel and stainless steel-316 formed using microwave energy. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf2014; 230: 439–448.
81.
RawatSSamyalRBediR,et al.A comparative study of interface material through selective microwave hybrid heating for joining metal plates. Mater Today Proc2022; 65: 3117–3125.
82.
SrinathMSSharmaAKKumarP. A novel route for joining of austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) using microwave energy. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf2015; 225: 1083–1091.
83.
BansalAKumarAKumarP,et al.Characterization of bulk stainless steel joints developed through microwave hybrid heating. Mater Charact2014; 91: 34–41.
84.
KumarVSehgalS. Development and characterisation of microwave processed SS2205 joints. Adv Mater Process Technol2022; 8: 456–465.
85.
SinghASharmaAK. On microwave drilling of metal-based materials at 2.45 GHz. Appl Phys A2020; 126: 22.
86.
BansalASharmaAKDasS,et al.On microstructure and strength properties of microwave welded Inconel 718/ stainless steel (SS-316L). Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl2016; 230: 939–948.
87.
HandaVGoyalPSehgalS. Low cost joining of inconel 625 and super Duplex stainless steel 2507 through novel technique. J Mater Eng Perform2023; 32: 170–175.
88.
SinghTSehgalS. Thermal modeling and simulation applied to novel microwave hybrid heating process. Phys Scr2024; 99: 95536.
89.
SahotaABDSKumarV. Effect of filler material on the microwave joining of SS-430 steel. Mater Manuf Process2023; 38: 1385–1395.
90.
SahotaDSBansalAKumarV. Microwave joining of SS-430 with a nano SS-316L powder. Weld Int2023; 37: 677–684.
91.
BaghaLSehgalSThakurA,et al.Effects of powder size of interface material on selective hybrid carbon microwave joining of SS304–SS304. J Manuf Process2017; 25: 290–295.
92.
BadigerRINarendranathSSrinathMS. Optimization of process parameters by Taguchi grey relational analysis in joining inconel-625 through microwave hybrid heating. Metallogr Microstruct Anal2019; 8: 92–108.
93.
RawatSSamyalR. Comparative performance of various susceptor materials and vertical cavity shapes for selective microwave hybrid heating (SMHH). Phys Scr2022; 97: 125704.
94.
ZhangSZhouHDingT, et al.Effect of microwave hybrid susceptors on the interface morphology, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of Cu/nano-Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu joints. J Mater Res Technol2024; 28: 1743–1751.
95.
FanLSongHLuQ, et al.Screening microwave susceptors for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of lignin: comparison of product yield and chemical profile. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis2019; 142: 104623.
96.
BhattSSutharSMistryD,et al.Experimental study on effect of susceptor and separator materials on microwave melting of lead metal. Mater Today Proc2020; 26: 3000–3002.
97.
BhoiNKSinghHPratapS. A study on microwave susceptor material for hybrid heating. J Phys Conf Ser2019; 1240: 012097.
98.
MishraRRSharmaAK. Effect of susceptor and mold material on microstructure of in-situ microwave casts of Al-Zn-Mg alloy. Mater Des2017; 131: 428–440.
99.
TamangSAravindanS. 3D Numerical modelling of microwave heating of SiC susceptor. Appl Therm Eng2019; 162: 114250.
100.
Rajasekhar ReddyBMalhotraANajmiS, et al.Microwave assisted heating of plastic waste: effect of plastic/susceptor (SiC) contacting patterns. Chem Eng Process - Process Intensif2022; 182: 109202.
101.
PatelDKBhoiNKSinghH. Microwave heating capabilities of different susceptor material: experimental and simulation study. Silicon2022; 14: 6621–6635.
102.
MoonEMYangCYakovlevVV. Microwave-induced temperature fields in cylindrical samples of graphite powder - experimental and modeling studies. Int J Heat Mass Transf2015; 87: 359–368.
103.
LoharkarPKIngleA. Assessment of microwave susceptors for optimum temperature rise using parametric numerical simulation. J Therm Eng2022; 8: 323–334.
104.
BasakT. Finite element (GFEM) simulations on the effect of microwave heating for lossy dielectric samples with various shapes (circle, square and triangle). Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow2020; 30: 4661–4696.
105.
SinghPPrajapatiDRSehgalS. Filler powder free joining of SAF 2507 using selective microwave hybrid heating technique. Indian J Eng Mater Sci2022; 29: 307–311.
106.
BhattSCGhetiyaND. Review on effect of tooling parameters on microwave processing of metallic materials with special emphasis on melting/casting application, int. J Met2022; 16: 2097–2127.
107.
ShangXZhaiDZhangF, et al.Electromagnetic waves transmission performance of alumina refractory ceramics in 2.45 GHz microwave heating. Ceram Int2019; 45: 23493–23500.
108.
LeeK-YCaseED. Steady-state temperature of microwave-heated refractories as a function of microwave power and refractory geometry. Mater Sci Eng A1999; 269: 8–20.
109.
BhattacharyaMBasakT. A Galerkin finite element based analysis on the microwave heating characteristics of lossy samples in the presence of low and high lossy containers. Int J Heat Mass Transf2020; 153: 119544.
110.
BahlSSinghTKumarV, et al.A systematic review on recent progress in advanced joining techniques of the lightweight materials. AIMS Mater Sci2021; 8: 62–81.
111.
PalMSehgalSKumarH,et al.Manufacturing of joints of stainless steels through microwave hybrid heating. Mater Today Proc2018; 5: 28149–28154.
112.
SomaniNSinghNGuptaNK. Joining and characterization of SS-430 using microwave hybrid heating technique. J Eng Des Technol2021; 19: 1344–1357.
113.
SahotaDSBansalAKumarV. Microwave butt joining of stainless steel (SS - 316L) with an SS - 316L powder. Trans Indian Inst Met2023; 76: 3303–3312.
114.
BadigerRISrinathSNMSHebbaleAM. Effect of power input on metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of inconel-625 welded joints processed through microwave hybrid heating. Trans Indian Inst Met2019; 72: 811–824.
115.
BaghaLSehgalSThakurA, et al.Low cost joining of SS304-SS304 through microwave hybrid heating without filler-powder. Eng Res Express2019; 1: 025035.
116.
SamyalRBaghaAKBediR. Evaluation of modal characteristics of SS202-SS202 lap joint produced using selective microwave hybrid heating. J Manuf Process2021; 68: 1–13.
117.
TamangSAravindanS. An investigation on joining of Al6061-T6 to AZ31B by microwave hybrid heating using active braze alloy as an interlayer. J Manuf Process2017; 28: 94–100.
118.
DubeDCRameshPDChengJ, et al.Experimental evidence of redistribution of fields during processing in a high-power microwave cavity. Appl Phys Lett2004; 85: 3632–3634.
119.
IskanderMF. Computer modeling and numerical simulation of microwave heating systems. MRS Bull1993; 18: 30–36.
120.
ChandrasekaranSBasakTSrinivasanR. Microwave heating characteristics of graphite based powder mixtures. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf2013; 48: 22–27.
121.
TamangSAravindanS. Effect of powder size in microwave joining of oxygen-free copper to SS304. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E J Process Mech Eng2022; 238: 1–6.
122.
ThakurABediRBaghaAK,et al.Microstructural and mechanical properties of mild steel pipes joined using selective microwave hybrid heating. J Manuf Process2022; 82: 848–859.
123.
ThakurABediR. Microwave joining of copper pipes using selective microwave hybrid heating process: simulation and experimental study. Mater Today Commun2024; 38: 108154.
124.
KumarVSehgalS. Comparative experimental investigations on novel joining technology based on microwave energy to produce SS2205-SS2205 joints. Indian J Eng Mater Sci2023; 30: 147–153.
125.
KumarVSehgalS. Metallurgical and mechanical assessment of SS2205/SS304 joints fabricated using modified selective microwave hybrid heating-based joining. J Mater Eng Perform2023; 33: 9732–9744.
126.
MagdumBGaikwadV. Joining of INCONEL-625 by microwave hybrid heating and its performance analysis. J Phys Conf Ser2023; 2601: 012022.
127.
VollmerM. Physics of the microwave oven. Phys Educ2004; 39: 74–81.
128.
MohantyAPatelDKPanigrahiSK. Susceptor based design strategies for enhancing microwave hybrid heating capability via experimental analysis, 3D multi-physics simulation and parametric optimization. Int J Therm Sci2024; 196: 108674.
129.
HongYLinBLiH, et al.Three-dimensional simulation of microwave heating coal sample with varying parameters. Appl Therm Eng2016; 93: 1145–1154.
130.
TamangSAravindanS. Joining of dissimilar metals by microwave hybrid heating: 3D numerical simulation and experiment. Int J Therm Sci2022; 172: 107281.
131.
KumarASehgalSSinghS,et al.Joining of SS304-SS316 through novel microwave hybrid heating technique without filler material. Mater Today Proc2019; 26: 2502–2505.
132.
SamyalRBaghaAKBediR. An experimental study to predict the exposure time for microwave based joining of different grades of stainless steel material. Mater Today Proc2019; 27: 2449–2454.
133.
MishraRRSharmaAK. Multi-physics simulation of in situ microwave casting of 7039 Al alloy inside different applicators and cast microstructure. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E J Process Mech Eng2019; 233: 617–629.
134.
YarlagaddaPKDVSoonRCT. Characterisation of materials behaviour in microwave joining of ceramics. J Mater Process Technol1998; 84: 162–174.
135.
SaidMMohd NazeriMFMohd SharifN,et al.Effect of microwave operating power and reflow time on the microstructure and tensile properties of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu/Cu solder joints. Solder Surf Mt Technol2022; 34: 31–44.
136.
KumarGRamanRKumarA. On finite element analysis of material removal rate in microwave drilling of borosilicate glass. Mater Today Proc2020; 41: 759–764.
137.
JerbyEAktushevODikhtyarV,et al.Theoretical analysis of the microwave-drill near-field localized heating effect. Journal Appl Phys2005; 97: 7.
138.
IdrisSSRahmanNAIsmailK, et al.Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm biomass: multi-optimisation of solid char yield and its calorific value using response surface methodology. Front Chem Eng2022; 4: 864589.
139.
DomínguezAMenéndezJAFernándezY, et al.Conventional and microwave induced pyrolysis of coffee hulls for the production of a hydrogen rich fuel gas. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis2007; 79: 128–135.
140.
ReddyKVBVenkateshGMishraRR. Microwave joining of SS-316 plates: a multi-physics simulation study. J Manuf Process2023; 98: 29–41.
141.
MishraRRSharmaAK. On melting characteristics of bulk Al-7039 alloy during in-situ microwave casting. Appl Therm Eng2017; 111: 660–675.
142.
Vishal SharmaMNekrajeGBhuvanV, et al.Simulation studies on melting characteristics of bulk alloy Al-1050 during in-situ microwave casting process. Mater Today Proc2022; 52: 407–412.
143.
HalimSASwithenbankJ. Simulation study of parameters influencing microwave heating of biomass. J Energy Inst2019; 92: 1191–1212.
144.
PitchaiKChenJBirlaS, et al.A microwave heat transfer model for a rotating multi-component meal in a domestic oven: development and validation. J Food Eng2014; 128: 60–71.
145.
Cha-umWRattanadechoPPakdeeW. Experimental and numerical analysis of microwave heating of water and oil using a rectangular wave guide: influence of sample sizes, positions, and microwave power. Food Bioprocess Technol2011; 4: 544–558.
146.
PalMSehgalSKumarH. Optimization of elemental weight % in microwave-processed joints of SS304/SS316 using Taguchi philosophy. J Adv Manuf Syst2020; 19: 543–565.
147.
Venkata NagarajuKVKumaranSRaoTS. Optimization of microwave processing parameters on powder-metallurgical 316L stainless steels. Mater Manuf Process2022; 37: 1132–1144.
148.
SinghDRanaASharmaP, et al.Microwave sintering of Ti6Al4V: optimization of processing parameters for maximal tensile strength and minimal pore size. Metals (Basel)2018; 8: 1086.
149.
SinghDPandeyPMKalyanasundaramD. Optimization of pressure-less microwave sintering of Ti6Al4 V by response surface methodology. Mater Manuf Process2018; 33: 1835–1844.
150.
BadigerRIHebbaleAMManjaiahM,et al.A comparative study on characteristics of inconel-625 joints developed through microwave hybrid heating and tungsten inert gas welding. Trans Indian Inst Met2021; 74: 531–540.
151.
SinghSGuptaDJainV,et al.Microwave processing of materials and applications in manufacturing industries: a review. Mater Manuf Process2015; 30: 1–29.
152.
MiranWPalazoTK. Development and experimental validation of a multiphysics model for 915 MHz microwave tempering of frozen food rotating on a turntable. Biosyst Eng2019; 180: 191–203.
153.
BantleMKäferTEikevikTM. Model and process simulation of microwave assisted convective drying of clipfish. Appl Therm Eng2013; 59: 675–682.
154.
AkinwekomiADYeungK-WTangC-Y, et al.Finite element simulation of hybrid microwave sintering based on power approach. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2020; 110: 2503–2515.
155.
SinghTSehgalS. Structural health monitoring of composite materials. Arch Comput Methods Eng2021; 29: 1997–2017.
156.
SinghTSehgalS. Damage identification using vibration monitoring techniques. Mater Today Proc2022; 69: 133–141.
157.
ZhouJLiYYangT, et al.Microwave heating and processing of solid metals using electromagnetic resonators. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2022; 123: 1111–1121.
158.
RudradawongCSukwisutePLimsuwanP, et al.Energy-saving synthesis and β-phase enhancement of Cu2Se thermoelectric materials via the microwave hybrid heating technique. J Alloys Compd2021; 879: 160513.
159.
SakulkalavekARudradawongCGobpantJ, et al.Enhancement of thermoelectric properties in rapidly synthesised β-Cu2Se using optimized Cu content and microwave hybrid heating. Ceram Int2024; 50: 3680–3685.
160.
BadigerRINarendranathSSrinathMS. Optimization of parameters influencing tensile strength of inconel-625 welded joints developed through microwave hybrid heating, mater. Today Proc2018; 5:7659–7667.
161.
SinghSBelokarRM. Study of joining copper-mild steel using microwave energy. Weld Int2023; 37: 1–11.
162.
SamyalRBediRBaghaAK. Investigation of mechanical properties of microwave welded SS304-SS202 lap joints. Phys Scr2023; 98: 025709.
163.
KambleDLSahuRKNarendranathS. Characterization of Inconel 625-SS 304 weldments developed by selective microwave hybrid joining technique for promising applications. J Mater Eng Perform2024; 33: 6693–6705.
164.
SamyalRKumarABediR. Microwave joining of additive manufactured SS316 with conventional SS316 for hybrid structural applications. Mater Manuf Process2024; 39: 815–824.
165.
ReddyKVBVenkateshGMishraRR. Effect of SS-316L and nickel-based interface powders on joint characteristics of microwave welded SS-316L plates. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B2024.
166.
ReddyKVBVenkateshGMishraRR. Microstructure and tensile properties of microwave welded Hastelloy C-276 joints. J Mater Eng Perform2024; 32: 2685.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
