Several new lectins were isolated and characterized with respect to their composition and sugar binding specificities and their ability to prevent HIV-1 infection. Twelve of the 13 mannose-specific lectins were inhibitory to varying degrees. The most effective were Machaerium biovulatum agglutinin (MBA) and M. lunatus agglutinin (MLA) which at 0.4 μg ml−1 prevented the cytopathic effect of the virus. Lower protection was obtained with Bowringia mildbraedii agglutinin (BMA), Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), Lablab niger agglutinin (LNA) and Dolichos lablab agglutinin (DLA). All these lectins are more protective than Con A while MBA is nearly 10 times more potent than any previously reported lectin. In each case the selective antiviral activity appears to be due to interaction with virus and not with some component on the target cell. MBA and GNA immobilized on Sepharose specifically bound gp120.
Studies of binding to glycoproteins confirmed the recognition of particular isomers of high mannose oligosaccharides Man9 to Man7GlcNAc2 by BMA and of Man5GlcNAc2 glycopeptides by GNA. By contrast, MBA did not bind oligomannosidic structures but did interact with ovalbumin, a glycoprotein rich in hybrid-type glycans.
References
1.
AnimashaunT. (1983) A galactomannan precipitating lectin from Sphenostylis stenocarpa seeds. In Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 3. (eds. HansenT.C. Bog, and SpenglerG.A.) Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. pp. 639–644.
2.
AnimashaunT. (1981) Survey of haemagglutinating activity in extracts of Nigerian seeds. Nigerian J Nat Sci3: 75–83.
3.
AnimashaunT., and HughesR.C. (1989) Bowringia mildbraedii agglutinin: specificity of binding to early processing intermediates of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide and use as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum glycoproteins. J Biol Chem264: 4657–4663.
4.
AnimashaunT. (1980) Detection and comparison of lectins in extracts of Erythrina mildbraedii Harms and Erythrina senegalensis D.C. seeds. Bull Sci Assoc Nigeria6: 14–15.
5.
BalzariniJ.ScholsD.NeytsJ.van DammeE.PeumansW., and De ClercqE. (1991) α-(1–3)- and α-(1–6)-D-mannose-specific plant lectins are markedly inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus infections in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother35: 410–416.
6.
CasottoM.PalozzoA.L.AgostiniG., and BenshimolA.L. (1984) Estudio de las lectinas presentes en semillas de Papilionoideae (Leguminoseae) de Venezola. Acta Cient Venez35: 248–252.
7.
ClaphamP.R.WeberJ.N.WhitbyD.McIntoshK.DalgleishA.G.MaddonP.J.DeenK.C.SweetR.W., and WeissR.A. (1989) Soluble CD4 blocks the infectivity of diverse strains of HIV and SIV for T cells and monocytes but not for brain and muscle cells. Nature337: 368–370.
8.
DalgleishA.G.BeverleyP.C.L.ClaphamP.R.CrawfordD.H.GreavesM.F., and WeissR.A. (1984) The CD4(T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature312: 763–766.
9.
DorlandL.van HalbeekH.VliegenthartJ.F.G.LisH., and SharonN. (1981) Primary structure of the carbohydrate chain of soybean agglutinin: A reinvestigation by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem256: 7708–7711.
10.
FeiziT., and LarkinM. (1990) AIDS and glycosylation. Glycobiotogy1: 17–23.
11.
FennieC., and LaskyL.A. (1989) Model for intracellular folding of the human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120. J Virol63: 639–646.
12.
GeyerH.HolschbachC.HunsmannG., and SchneiderJ. (1988) Carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus. J Biol Chem263: 11760–11767.
13.
HansenJ.S.NielsenC.M.NielsenC.HeegaardP.MathiesenL.R., and NielsenJ.O. (1989) Correlation between carbohydrate structures on the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and syncytium inhibition with lectins. AIDS3: 635–641.
14.
HapnerK.D., and RobbinsJ.E. (1979) Isolation and properties of a lectin from Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, SCOP.). Biochim Biophys Acta580: 186–197.
15.
KakuH.van DammeE.J.M.PeumansW.J., and GoldsteinI.J. (1990) Carbohydrate-Binding Specificity of the Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) and Amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybr) Bulb Lectins. Arch Biochem Biophys279: 298–304.
16.
LaemmliU. (1970) Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature227: 680–685.
17.
LeeW.YuX.SyuW.EssexM., and LeeT. (1992) Mutational Analysis of Conserved N-linked Glycosylation Sites of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J Virol66: 1799–1803.
18.
LeonardC.K.SpellmanM.W.RiddleL.HarrisR.J.ThomasJ.N., and GregoryT.J. (1990) Assignment of intrachain disulphide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the Type 1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem265: 10373–10382.
19.
LiangC.YamashitaK., and KobataA. (1980) Structural study of the carbohydrate moiety of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease B. J Biochem88: 51–58.
20.
LifsonJ.CoutréS.HuangE., and EnglemanE. (1986) Role of envelope glycoprotein carbohydrate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity and virus-induced cell fusion. J Exp Med164: 2101–2106.
21.
LisH.JoubertF.S., and SharonN. (1985) Isolation and properties of N-acetyllactosamine-specific lectins from nine Erythrina species. Phytochem24: 2803–2809.
22.
MahmoodN., and HayA.J. (1992) An ELISA utilising immobilised snowdrop lectin GNA for the detection of envelope glycoproteins of HIV and SIV. J Immunol Methods151: 9–13.
23.
ModrowS.HahnB.H.ShawG.M.GalloR.C.Wong-StaalF., and WolfH. (1987) Computer-assisted analysis of protein sequence's of seven human immunodeficiency isolates; Prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and variable regions. J Virol61: 570–578.
24.
MorikawaY.MooreJ.P.WilkinsonA.J., and JonesI.M. (1991) Reduction in CD4 binding affinity associated with removal of a single glycosylation site in the external glycoprotein of HIV-2. Virology180: 853–856.
25.
MullerW.E.G.RenneisenK.KreuterM.H.SchroderH.C., and WinkerI. (1988) The D-mannose-specific lectin from Gerardia savaglia blocks binding of human immunodeficiency virus type I to H9 cells and human lymphocytes in vitro. J AIDS1: 453–458.
26.
NarasimhanS.HarpazN.LongmoreG.CarverJ.P.GreyA.A., and SchachterH. (1980) Control of glycoprotein synthesis. J Biol Chem255: 4876–4884.
27.
PauwelsR.BalzariniJ.BabaM.SnoeckR.ScholsD.HerdewijnP.DesmyterJ., and de ClerqE. (1988) Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds. J Virol Methods20: 309–321.
28.
PekelharingJ.M., and AnimashaunT. (1989) Binding of Artocarpus lectins to plasma glycoproteins. Biochem Soc Trans17: 131–132.
29.
RaoD.N.HariharanK., and RaoD.R. (1976) Purification and properties of a phytohaemagglutinin from Dolichos lablab (field bean). Lebensm Wise u-Technol9: 246–250.
30.
RobinsonW.E.MontefioriD.C., and MitchellW.M. (1987) Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. AIDS Res Hum Retro3: 265–282.
31.
SatoS.AnimashaunT., and HughesR.C. (1991) Carbohydrate binding specificity of Tetracarpidium conophorum lectin. J Biol Chem266: 11485–11494.
32.
SharonN., and LisH. (1989) Lectins.London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 1–25.
33.
SharonN., and LisH. (1990) The legume lectins – A large family of homologous proteins. FASEB J4: 3198–3208.
34.
ShibuyaN.GoldsteinI.J.van DammeE.J.M., and PeumansW.J. (1988) Binding properties of a mannose-specific lectin from the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) bulb. J Biol Chem263: 728–734.
35.
TogunR.A.AnimashaunT.BenzieC.R., and KayJ.E. (1988) Purification and characterization of a mitogenic lactose-binding lectin from Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds. In Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 6. (HansenT.C. Bog, and FreedD.L.J. eds) St. Louis, MO: Sigma Chemicals Co., pp. 369–372.
36.
van DammeE.J.M.AllenA.K., and PeumansW.J. (1988) Related mannose-specific lectins from different species of the family Amaryllidaceae. Physiol Planta73: 52–57.
37.
WeilerB.E.SchroderH.C.StefanovichV.StewartD.ForrestJ.M.S.AllenL.B.BowdenB.J.KreuterM.H.VothR., and MullerW.E.G. (1990) Sulphoevernan, a polyanionic polysaccharide, and the narcissus lectin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection by binding to viral envelope protein. J Gen Virol71: 1957–1963.
38.
WilleyR.L.RutledgeR.A.DiasS.FolksT.TheodoreT.BuklerC.E., and MartinM.A. (1986) Identification of conserved and divergent domains within the envelope gene of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA83: 5038–5042.
