This paper offers an interpretation of the changes in Black identity during the last century. By drawing on psychological literature and cultural artefacts, changing understandings of Blackness are read as different narrative forms. The shift from ‘Negro’ to ‘Black’ is presented as a shift from tragicto romanticnarrative, while the ‘African’ narrative that now occupies the centre stage of Black identity represents a satiricalstory. It is suggested that with a growing awareness of being both Black and ‘something else’, the apparent opposing themes in performing Blackness can be resolved by enacting a comedynarrative. There is some evidence that the comedy narrative is present but it has yet to gain ascendancy.
Ahmed, A.S. (1995). ‘Ethnic cleansing’: A metaphor for our time?Ethnic & Racial Studies, 18(1), 1–25 .
2.
Akbar, N. (1984). Africentric social science for human liberation . Journal of Black Studies, 149(40), 395–414 .
3.
Akbar, N. (1989). Nigrescence and identity: Some limitations . The Counseling Psychologist, 17(2), 258–263 .
4.
Akbar, N. (1991a). Visions for Black men. Nashville, TN: Winston Derek .
5.
Akbar, N. (1991b). Mental disorder among African Americans. In R.L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology(3rd ed., pp. 339–352). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry .
6.
Alexander, C. (1996). The art of being Black: The creation of Black British youth identities. Oxford: Clarendon Press .
7.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso .
8.
Arkin, D. , & Robinson, E. (1971). Black and white [Recorded by Greyhound]. On One love: 20 Caribbean classics[CD]. Enfield: BMG Records (UK) . (1992)
9.
Asamoah, Y. , Garcia, A. , Hendricks, C.O. , & Walket, J. (1991). What we call ourselves: Implications for resources, policy and practice . Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1(1), 7–22 .
10.
Atwell, I. , & Azibo, D.A. ja . (1992). Diagnosing personality disorder in Africans (Blacks) using the Azibo nosology: Two case studies. In A.K.H. Burlew , W.C. Banks , H.P. McAdoo , & D.A. ja Azibo (Eds.), African American psychology: Theory, research, and practice(pp. 300–320). London: Sage .
Azibo, D.A. ja (1989). African-centered theses on mental health and a nosology of Black/African personality disorder . Journal of Black Psychology, 15(2), 173–214 .
13.
Baistow, K. (2000). Problems of powerlessness: Psychological explanations of social inequality and civil unrest in post-war America . History of the Human Sciences, 13(3), 95–116 .
14.
Baldwin, J.A. (1979). Theory and research concerning the notion of Black selfhatred: A review and reinterpretation . Journal of Black Psychology, 592, 51–77 .
15.
Baldwin, J.A. (1981). Notes on the Africentric theory of Black personality . Western Journal of Black Studies, 5(3), 172–179 .
16.
Baldwin, J.A. , Brown, R. , & Hopkins, R. (1991). The Black self-hatred paradigm revisited: An Africentric analysis. In R.L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology(3rd ed., pp. 141–165). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry .
17.
Baldwin, J.A. , Duncan, J.A. , & Bell, Y.R. (1992). Assessment of African selfconsciousness among Black students from two college environments. In A.K.H. Burlew , W.C. Banks , H.P. McAdoo , & D.A. ja Azibo (Eds.), African American psychology: Theory, research, and practice(pp. 283–299). London: Sage .
18.
Barnes, C. (1988). Melanin: The chemical key to Black greatness. Houston, TX: C.B. Publishers .
19.
Bayton, J.A. (1941). The racial stereotypes of Negro college students . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36, 97–102 .
20.
Beckham, A.S. (1929). Is the Negro happy? A psychological analysis . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 24(1), 186–190 .
21.
Boesky, I. (1986, May 18). Commencement address. School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley .
22.
Bogardus, E.S. (1925). Measuring social distance . Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299–308 .
23.
Boykin, A.W. , Franklin, A.J. , & Yates, J.F. (1979). Work notes on empirical research in black psychology. In A.W. Boykin , A.J. Franklin , & J.F. Yates (Eds.), Research directions of black psychologists(pp. 3–19). New York: Russell Sage .
Brewster Smith, M. (1992). Nationalism, ethnocentrism and the New World Order . Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 32(4), 76–91 .
26.
Browder, A.T. (1989). From the Browder file: 22 essays on the African American experience. Washington, DC: Institute of Karmic Guidance .
27.
Bruner, J. (1987). Life as narrative . Social Research, 54(1), 11–32 .
28.
Campbell, H. (1980). Rastafari: Culture of resistance . Race & Class, 22, 1–22 .
29.
Carlos Poston, W.S. (1990). The biracial identity development model: A needed addition . Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 152–155 .
30.
Carmichael, S. , & Hamilton, C.V. (1967). Black power: The politics of liberation in America. New York: Vintage .
31.
Cashmore, E. (1979). Rastaman: The Rastafarian movement in England. London: Counterpoint .
32.
Clark, K.B. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemma of social power. New York: Harper & Row .
33.
Clark, K.B. , & Clark, M.P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In T.M. Newcomb & E.L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology(pp. 169–178). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston . (Original work published 1939.)
34.
Cliff, J. (1969). Wonderful world beautiful people. On One love: 20 Caribbean classics[CD]. Enfield: BMG Records (UK) . (1992)
35.
Cliff, J. (1970). You can get it if you really want it [Recorded by Desmond Dekker]. On One love: 20 Caribbean classics[CD]. Enfield: BMG Records (UK) . (1992)
36.
Clinton, G. , Collins, B. , & Worrell, B. (1975a). Chocolate city [Recorded by Parliament]. On Chocolate city[CD]. Burlington, VT: Bridgeport Music Inc. (BMI) .
37.
Clinton, G. , Collins, W. , & Worrell, B. (1975b). P-Funk (wants to get funked up) [Recorded by Parliament]. On Mothership connection[CD]. Burlington, VT: Bridgeport Music Inc. (BMI) .
38.
Cobain, K. , Grohl, D. , & Novoselic, K. (1991). Smells like teen spirit [Recorded by Nirvana]. On Nevermind[CD]. Universal City, CA: MCA Company .
39.
Collingwood, R.G. (1946). The idea of history. Oxford: Clarendon Press .
40.
Comer, J.P. (1969). White racism: Its roots, form and function . American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 802–806 .
41.
Connor, S. (1989). Postmodernist culture: An introduction to theories of the contemporary. Oxford: Blackwell .
42.
Craik, J. (1994). The face of fashion. London: Routledge .
43.
Cross, W.E., Jr. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Toward a psychology of Black liberation . Black World, 20(9), 13–27 .
44.
Cross, W.E., Jr. (1978). The Cross and Thomas model of psychological Nigrescence: A review . Journal of Black Psychology, 5(1), 13–31 .
45.
Cross, W.E., Jr. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press .
46.
Cross, W.E., Jr. (1995). Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological development and creative expression. In H.W. Harris , H.C. Blue , & E.E.H. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological development and creative expression(pp. 53–72). London: Routledge .
47.
Cushman, P. (1990). Why the self is empty: Toward a historical situated psychology . American Psychologist, 45(5), 599–611 .
48.
Dalleck, R. (1999). Ronald Reagan: The politics of symbolism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
49.
Dansby, P.G. (1980) Black Pride in the seventies: Fact or fantasy? In R.L. Jones (Ed.). Black psychology(2nd ed., pp. 69–80). London, Harper & Row .
50.
Davis, K. (1994). The playful self . Theory & Psychology, 4(2), 285–287 .
51.
Dawsey, B. (1993, 11 February). This land is your land . Weekly Journal, p. 6-6 .
52.
Dennis, W. (1968). Racial changes in Negro drawings . Journal of Psychology, 69, 129–130 .
53.
Deutscher, M. , & Chein, I. (1948). The psychological effects of enforced segregation: A survey of social science opinion . Journal of Psychology, 26, 259–287 .
54.
Dixon, V.J. (1971). African-oriented and Euro-American-oriented world views: Research methodologies and economics . Review of Black Political Economy, 7(32), 119–156 .
55.
Dobbins, J.E. , & Skillings, J.H. (1991). ‘The utility of race labelling in understanding cultural identity: A conceptual tool for the social science practitioner . Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 37–44 .
56.
Downing, N. , & Roush, K. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women . The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 695–709 .
57.
DuBois, W.E.B. (1903). The souls of Black folk: Essays and sketches. Chicago, IL: McClung .
58.
Ekwe Ekwe, H. (1994). The idiocy and tragedy of a Euroassimilationist illusion . African People Review, II(2), 16–17 .
59.
Fairchild, H.H. , & Gurin, P. (1978). Traditions in the psychological analysis of race relations . American Behavioral Scientist, 21(5), 757–778 .
60.
Foley, L.A. , & Kranz, P.L. (1981). Black stereotypes of other ethnic groups . Journal of Mind and Bahavior, 2(4), 435–444 .
61.
Gamble, K. , & Huff, L. (1973). Now that we’ve found love [Recorded by Third World]. On Now that we Found Love[CD]. London: Island Records . (1978)
62.
Garrison, L. (1979). Black youth, Rastafarianism and the identity crisis in Britain. London: Afro-Caribbean Education Resource Project .
63.
Gergen, K.J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology . American Psychologist, 40(3), 266–275 .
64.
Gergen, K.J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books .
65.
Gergen, K.J. (1994). Toward transformation in social knowledge(2nd ed.). London: Sage .
66.
Gergen, K.J. , & Gergen, M.M. (1988). Narrative and self as relationship . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 17–56 .
67.
Ghee, K.L. (1990). The psychological importance of self-definition and labelling: Black versus African American . Journal of Black Psychology, 17(1), 75–93 .
68.
Gilbert, G.M. (1951). Stereotype persistence and change among college students . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 245–254 .
69.
Gilroy, P. (1993a). The Black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. London: Verso .
70.
Gilroy, P. (1993b, 31 March). On being Black in Britian. The late show. London: BBC2 .
71.
Gilroy, P. (1995). Roots and routes: Black identity as an outnational project. In H.W. Harris , H.C. Blue , & E.E.H. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological development and creative expression(pp. 15–31). London: Routledge .
72.
Grier, W.H. , & Cobbs, P.M. (1968). Black rage. New York: Basic Books .
73.
Guthrie, R. (1976). Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. New York: Harper & Row .
74.
Hall, S. (1992). New ethnicities. In A. Rattansi & J. Donald (Eds.), Race, culture and difference(pp. 252–259). London: Sage .
75.
Hall, S. (1993). What is this ‘Black’ in Black popular culture?Social Justice, 21(1/2), 104–115 .
76.
Hall, S. (1995). Negotiating Caribbean identities . New Left Review, 209, 3–15 .
77.
Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs ‘identity’? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity(pp. 1–18). London: Sage .
78.
Harba, J. , & Grant, G. (1970). Black is beautiful: A re-examination of racial preference and identification . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(3), 398–402 .
79.
Harr¥e, R. (1986). An outline of the social constructionist movement. In R. Harr¥e (Ed.), The social construction of emotions(pp. 2–14). Oxford: Blackwell .
80.
Hatch, D. , & Millward, S. (1987). From blues to rock: An analytical history of pop music. Manchester: Manchester University Press .
81.
Heider, K.G. (1988). The Rashomon effect: When ethnographers disagree . American Anthropologist, 90, 93–98 .
82.
Henderson, E.A. (1996). Black nationalism and rap music . Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 308–339 .
83.
Herskovits, M.J. (1941). The myth of the Negro past. Boston, MA: Beacon .
84.
Hountondji, P. (1983). On African philosophy . Radical Philosophy, 35, 20–25 .
85.
Hylton. P.L. (1998) The social construction of African-Caribbean identities: A Black British male perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nottingham Trent University. Nottingham, UK.
86.
Irvine, W. & Simone, N. (1970). Young, gifted and Black [Recorded by Bob and Marcia]. On One love: 20 Caribbean classics[CD]. Enfield: BMG Records (UK) . (1992)
87.
Jagger, M. , Richards, K. , & Ashcroft, R. (1997). Bitter sweet symphony [Recorded by The Verve]. On Urban hymns[CD]. London: Hut Recordings
88.
James, William . (1978). Pragmatism and the meaning of truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press . (Original works published 1907 and 1911.)
89.
James, William . (1987). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover . (Original work published 1890.)
90.
James, Winston . (1993). Migration, racism and identity formation: The Caribbean experience in Britain. In Winston James & C. Harris (Eds.), Inside Babylon: The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain(pp. 231–287). London: Verso .
91.
Johnson, H. (1991). Sleepwalking through history: America in the Reagan years. New York: Norton .
92.
Jones, E.E. (1978). Black–White personality differences: Another look . Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 244–252 .
93.
Karenga, R. (1982). Introduction to Black studies. Los Angeles, CA: University of Sankore .
94.
Karlin, M. , Coffman, T.L. , & Walters, G. (1969). On the fading of social stereotypes: studies in three generations of college students . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(1), 1–16 .
95.
Katz, D. , & Braly, K.W. (1933). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175–193 .
96.
Kitzinger, C. , & Wilkinson, S. (1995). Transitions from heterosexuality to lesbianism: The discursive production of lesbian identities . Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 95–104 .
97.
Kloss, R.J. (1979). Psychodynamic speculations on derogatory names for Blacks . Journal of Black Psychology, 5(2), 85–97 .
98.
Laurence, R. , &. Lowe J.B. (2002). The American directory of certified Uncle Toms. New York: Lushena .
99.
Lemelle, S.J. (1993). The politics of cultural existence: Pan-Africanism, historical materialism and Afrocentricity . Race & Class, 35(1), 93–112 .
100.
Livingston, N. (1977). Follow fashion monkey [Recorded by Bunny Wailer]. On Protest[CD]. London: Island Records .
101.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press .
102.
MacIntyre, A. (1985). After virtue: A study in moral theory(2nd ed.). London: Duckworth .
103.
MacIntyre, B. (1994, 19 March). Shooting from the hip. The Times, p. 20-20.
104.
Mailer, N. (1998). The White Negro: Superficial reflections of the hipster. In The times of our times(pp. 211–230). New York: Random House . (Original work published 1959.)
105.
Mair, M. (1988). Psychology as storytelling . International Journal of Personal Psychology, 2, 125–137 .
106.
Malcolm X. (1964). The autobiography of Malcolm X. London: Penguin .
107.
Mama, A. (1995). Beyond the mask: Race, gender and subjectivity. London: Routledge .
108.
Marable, M. (1993). Beyond racial identity politics: Towards a liberation theory of multicultural democracy . Race & Class, 35(1), 113–130 .
109.
Margolick. D. (2001). Strange fruit: Billie Holiday, caf¥e society and an early cry for civil rights: London: Running Press .
110.
Marley, B. (1980). Redemption song [Recorded by Bob Marley and the Wailers]. On Legend[CD]. London: Island Records .
111.
Martin, B.L. (1991). From Negro to Black to African American: The power of names and naming . Political Science Quarterly, 106(1), 83–107 .
112.
Meeropol, A. (aka Allen. L) . (1939). Strange fruit [Recorded by Billie Holliday]. On The Billie Holliday songbook[CD]. London: PolyGram Records . (1986)
113.
Miller, H.W.L. (1960). Attitudes of students to people of other countries. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Birmingham, UK.
114.
Miller, J. (1988). Jokes and joking: A serious laughing matter. In J. Durrant & J. Miller (Eds.), Laughing matters: A serious look at humour(pp. 5–16). Hong Kong: Longman .
115.
Moore, R.B. (1960) The name ‘Negro’: Its origin and evil use. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press .
116.
Murray, K. (1985). Life as fiction . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 15(2), 173–188 .
117.
Nobles, W.W. (1973). Psychological research and the Black self-concept: A critical review . Journal of Social Issues, 29(1), 11–31 .
118.
Nobles, W.W. (1986). African psychology: Towards its reclamation, reascension and revitalization. Oakland, CA: Black Family Institute .
119.
Nobles, W.W. (1989). Psychogical Nigrescence: An Afrocentric review . The Counseling Psychologist, 17(2), 253–257 .
120.
Nobles, W.W. (1991). Extended self: Rethinking the so-called Negro self-concept. In R.L. Jones (Ed.) Black Psychology(3rd ed., pp. 295–303). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry .
121.
Nobles, W.W. , & Goddard L.L. (1984). Understanding the Black family: A guide for scholarship and research. Oakland, CA: Black Family Institute .
122.
Ochberg, R.L. (1988). Life stories and the psychosocial construction of careers . Journal of Personality, 56(1), 173–204 .
123.
Parham, T.A. (1989). Cycles of psychological Nigrescence . The Counseling Psychologist, 17(2), 187–226 .
124.
Phillips, M. (1995, 2 April). The race to wake sleeping duty. The Observer, p. 25-25.
125.
Philogene, G. (1994). ‘African American’ as a new social representation . Journal of Theory of Social Behaviour, 24(2), 89–109 .
126.
Phinney, J.S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescence and adults: Review of research . Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514 .
127.
Polite, C.K. , Cochrane, R. , & Silverman, B.I. (1974). Ethnic group identification and differentiation . Journal of Social Psychology, 92(1), 149–150 .
128.
Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human science. Albany: State University of New York Press .
129.
Polkinghorne, D.E. (1991). Narrative and self-concept . Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1(2/3), 135–153 .
130.
Prince . (1981). Controversy. On Prince: The hits/the B sides[CD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros Records . (1993)
131.
Pryce, K. (1979). Endless pressure: A study of West Indian life styles in Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press .
132.
Ransby, B. , & Matthews, T. (1993). Black popular culture and the transcendence of particular illusions . Race & Class, 35(1), 57–68 .
133.
Rogers, C. (1967). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable .
134.
Rosen, B. (1964). Attitude change within the Negro press toward segregation and discrimination . Journal of Social Psychology, 62, 77–83 .
135.
Ryan , (1971) Blaming the victim. New York: Random House .
136.
Sampson, E.E. (1981). Cognitive psychology as ideology . American Psychologist, 36(7), 730–743 .
137.
Sampson, E.E. (1985). The decentralization of identity: Toward a revised concept of personal and social order . American Psychologist, 40(11), 1203–1211 .
138.
Sampson, E.E. (1989). The challenge of social change for psychology: Globalization and psychology’s theory of the person . American Psychologist, 44(6), 914–921 .
139.
Semaj, L.T. (1981). The Black self, identity, and models for a psychology of Black liberation . Western Journal of Black Studies, 5(3), 158–171 .
140.
Shotter, J. (1984). Social accountability and selfhood. Oxford: Blackwell .
141.
Shotter, J. (1993). Conversational realities: Constructing life through language. London:Sage .
142.
Siffre, L. (1987) Something inside so strong[CD]. London: China Records .
143.
Singleton, J. (Director), & Nicolaides, S. (Producer). (1991) Boyz n the hood[Film]. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Films .
144.
Sladen, M. (1995, July/Aug.). Black on Black . Art Monthly, 188, pp. 13–15 .
145.
Smith, T.M. (1992). Changing racial labels: From ‘Colored’ to ‘Negro’ to ‘Black’ to ‘African-American’ . Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 496–514 .
146.
Snoop Doggy Dogg . (1993a). For all my niggaz & bitches. On Doggystyle[CD]. London: Warner Music .
147.
Snoop Doggy Dogg . (1993b). GZ and hustllas. On Doggystyle[CD]. London: Warner Music .
148.
Snoop Doggy Dogg (1993c). Pump pump. On Doggystyle.[CD]. London: Warner Music .
149.
Somer, M.R. , & Gibson, G.D. (1994). Reclaiming the epistemological ‘Other’: Narrative and the social constitution of identity. In L.C. Calhoun (Ed.), Social theory and the politics of identity(pp. 37–99). Oxford: Blackwell .
150.
Spector, P. , Levine, E. , & Wine, T. (1970). Black pearl [Recorded by Horace Faith]. On One love: 20 Caribbean classics[CD]. Enfield: BMG Records (UK) . (1992)
151.
Spillius, A. (1996, 27 January). The short, shocking life of Eric Wright. Weekend Guardian, pp. 12–17.
152.
Sting (1985). We work the black seam. On The dream of the blue turtles[CD]. London: A&M Records .
153.
Stone, O. (Director), & Flynn, M., II , Kitman Ho, A. , & Pressman, E.N. (Producers). (1990). Wall Street[Film]. Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox .
154.
Taylor, C. (1991). The ethics of authenticity. London: Harvard University Press .
155.
Taylor, R.L. (1976). Psychosocial development among Black children and youth: A re-examination . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46(1), 4–18 .
156.
Thomas, C. (1970). Different strokes for different folks . Psychology Today, 4(4), 48–53 .
157.
Thomas, C. (1971). Boys no more. Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe Press .
158.
Veroff, J. (1984). The changing character of cultural dispositions: A social indicators approach. In K.J. Gergen & M.M. Gergen (Eds.), Historical social psychology(pp. 237–256). London: Erlbaum .
159.
Vogel, D. (1994). Narrative perspectives in theory and therapy . Journal of Constructive Psychology, 7, 243–261 .
160.
Ward, S.H , & Braun, J. (1972). Self-esteem and racial preference in Black children . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 42(4), 644–647 .
161.
Watts, R.J. (1992). Racial identity and preferences for social change strategies among African-Americans . Journal of Black Psychology, 18(2), 1–18 .
162.
Weisz, J.R. , Rothbaum, F.M. , & Blackburn, T.C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan . American Psychologist, 39(9), 955–969
163.
Wellman, D. (1977). Portraits of white racism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
164.
Welsing, F.C. (1991). The Isis (Yssis) Paper. Chicago, IL: Third World Press .
165.
West, C. (1992). Prophetic thought in postmodern times. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press .
166.
West, C. (1993a). Prophetic reflections: Notes on race and power in America. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press .
167.
West, C. (1993b). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon .
168.
West, C. (1994). Keeping faith: Philosophy and race in America. London: Routledge .
169.
Wetherell, M. , & Potter, J. (1992). Mapping the language of racism: Discourse and the legitimating of exploitation. Hemel Harvester: Harvester Wheatsheaf .
170.
Wheeler, C. , & McIntosh, C. (1990). UK Blak [Recorded by Caron Wheeler]. On UK Blak[CD]. London: RCA Records .
171.
White, J.L. (1980). Towards a Black psychology. In R.L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology(2nd ed., pp. 5–31). London: Harper & Row .
172.
Wieviorka, M. (1993). Racism and modernity in present-day Europe . Thesis Eleven, 35, 51–61 .
173.
Wonder, S. (1972). Superstition. On At the close of the century[CD]. Detroit, MI: Motown Record Company . (1999)
174.
Wright, B.E. (1984). The psychopathic racial personality and other essays. Chicago, IL: Third World Press .
175.
Wright, R. (1940). Native son. New York: Harper & Brother .
176.
Yorke, T. , Greenwood, J. , Greenwood, C. , Obrien, E. , & Selway, P. (1993). Creep [Recorded by Radiohead]. On Pablo honey[CD]. London: Parlophone .
