This article reviews the variations in aggregate union density in fifteen
industrialized societies over the period 1960-2000. Drawing critically on a
range of literatures, it argues that density is a valuable if imperfect
expression of the weight of the infrastructure of joint regulation. Whilst
density levels cannot express the character or anatomy of this regulation, they
broadly depict the constraints imposed on managerial prerogative by routinized
joint regulation.
Accornero, A. (1992) La Parabola Del Sindacato. Bologna: Il Mulino.
2.
Baccaro, L.
(2003)
‘What is Alive and What is Dead in the Theory of Corporatism’
, British Journal of Industrial Relations41(4):
683-706
.
3.
Bain, G. S.
and
Price, R.
(1980) Profiles of Union Growth: A Comparative Statistical
Portrait of 8 Countries.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
4.
Batstone, E.
(1988) ‘The Frontier of
Control’, in
Duncan Gallie
(ed.) Employment in Britain, pp. 218-247Oxford: Blackwell
.
5.
Blaschke, S.
(2000)
‘Union Density and European Integration: Diverging Convergence’
, European Journal of Industrial Relations6(2):
217-236
.
6.
Boeri, T.
(2002)
‘Discussion’
, Economic Policy17(35):
401-403
.
7.
Brown, W.
(ed.) (1981) The Changing Contours of British Industrial
Relations.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
8.
Brown, W.
and
Terry, M.
(1978)
‘The Changing Nature of National Wage Agreements’
, Scottish Journal of Political EconomyXXV:
119-134
.
9.
Cameron, D. R.
(1984) ‘Social Democracy, Corporatism, Labour
Quiescence and the Representation of Economic Interest in Advanced Capitalist
Society’, in
Goldthorpe
(ed.) Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism: Studies in the
Political Economy of Western European Nations, pp.
143-178.
Oxford: Clarendon Press
.
10.
Checchi, D.
and
Lucifora, C.
(2002)
‘Unions and Labour Market Institutions in Europe’
, Economic Policy17(35):
362-408
.
11.
Clegg, H. A.
(1976) Trade Unionism Under Collective Bargaining: A Theory
Based on Comparisons of Six Countries.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
12.
Compston, H.
(1997)
‘Union Power, Policy Making and Unemployment in Western Europe, 1972-1993’
, Comparative Political Studies30:
732-751
.
13.
Crouch, C.
(1993) Industrial Relations and European State
Traditions.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
14.
Ebbinghaus, B.
and
Visser, J.
(1999)
‘When Institutions Matter: Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe’
, European Sociological Review15:
135-158
.
15.
Ebbinghaus, B.
and
Visser, J.
(2000) Trade Unions in Western Europe Since 1945.
London: Macmillan
.
16.
Edwards, P.
,
Hall, M.
,
Hyman, R.
,
Marginson, P.
,
Sisson, K.
,
Waddington, J.
and
Winchester, D.
(1992) ‘Great Britain: Still Muddling
Through’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Industrial Relations in the New Europe, pp.
1-68.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
17.
Elvander, N.
(2002)
‘The New Swedish Regime for Collective Bargaining and Conflict
Resolution: A Comparative Perspective’
, European Journal of Industrial Relations8(2):
197-216
.
18.
Esping-Andersen, G.
(1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism.
Oxford: Polity Press
.
19.
European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO). 1998/06.
20.
European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO). 2001/05.
21.
Ferner, A.
and
Hyman, R.
(eds) (1992) Industrial Relations in the New Europe.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
22.
Ferner, A.
and
Hyman, R.
(1998a) ‘Introduction: Towards European
Industrial Relations?’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, pp.
xi-xxvi.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
23.
Ferner, A.
and
Hyman, R.
(eds) (1998) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
24.
Flanders, A.
(1965) Industrial Relations: What is Wrong with the System?London: Faber
.
25.
Fluder, R.
and
Hotz-Hart, B.
(1998) ‘Switzerland: Still as Smooth as
Clockwork?’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, pp.
262-282.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
26.
Franzosi, R.
(1995) The Puzzle of Strikes: Class and State Strategies in
Postwar Italy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
27.
Fulcher, J.
(1991) Labour Movements, Employers and the State: Conflict
and Cooperation in Britain and Sweden.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
28.
Goetschy, J.
(1998) ‘France: The Limits of
Reform’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, pp.
357-394.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
29.
Goetschy, J.
and
Rozenblatt, P.
(1992) ‘France: The Industrial Relations System
at a Turning Point?’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Industrial Relations in the New Europe, pp.
404-444.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
30.
Hall, P. A.
and
Soskice, D.
(eds) (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional
Foundations of Competitive Performance.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
31.
Hancké, B.
(1993)
‘Trade Union Membership in Europe, 1960-1990: Rediscovering Local Unions’
, British Journal of Industrial Relations31:
593-613
.
32.
Huber, E.
,
Ragin, C.
and
Stephens, J. D.
(1993)
‘Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure
and the Welfare State: Towards a Resolution of Quantitative Studies’
, American Journal of Sociology99:
711-749
.
33.
Hyman, R.
(1997)
‘The Future of Employee Representation’
, British Journal of Industrial Relations35(3):
309-336
.
34.
Hyman, R.
(2001) Understanding European Trade Unionism: Between Market,
Class and Society.
London: Sage
.
35.
Income Data Services (IDS)
(1997) Employment Europe,
430-430
.
36.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
(1993) World Labour Report6.
Geneva
.
37.
Iversen, T.
(1998)
‘Wage Bargaining, Central Bank Independence and the Real Effects
of Money’
, International Organisation52:
469-504
.
38.
Iversen, T
, and
Pontusson, J.
(2000) ‘Comparative Political Economy: A
Northern European Perspective’, in
Iversenet al.
(eds) Unions, Employers and Central banks, pp.
1-37.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
39.
Kelly, J.
(1989) Trade Unions and Socialist Politics.
London: Verso
.
40.
Kelly, J.
(1998) Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization,
Collectivism and Long Waves.
London: Routledge
.
41.
Kenworthy, L.
(2002)
‘Corporatism and Unemployment in the 1980s and 1990s’
, American Sociological Review67(3):
367-388
.
42.
Kjellberg, A.
(1998) ‘Sweden: Restoring the
Model?’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
43.
Korpi, W.
(1983) The Democratic Class Struggle.
London: Routledge
.
44.
Lilja, K.
(1992) ‘Finland: No Longer the Nordic
Exception’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Industrial Relations in the New Europe.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
45.
Lilja, K.
(1998) ‘Finland: Continuity and Modest Moves
Towards Company-level Corporatism’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
46.
Marginson, P.
,
Arrowsmith, J.
and
Sisson, K.
(2003)
‘Tipping the Balance? The Changing Relationship Between Sector
and Company Level Bargaining’
, paper for the IIRA World Congress,
Berlin, September.
47.
Marsden, D.
(1995)
‘Deregulation or Cooperation? The Future of Europe’s
Labour Markets’
, Labour Special Issue:
867-891
.
48.
Marsh, A.
(1965) Industrial Relations in Engineering.
Oxford: Pergamon
.
49.
Millward, N.
,
Bryson, A.
and
Forth, J.
(2001) All Change at Work?London: Routledge
.
50.
OECD
(1998) ‘Making the Most of the
Minimum’, Employment Outlook.
Paris: OECD
.
51.
OECD
(2000) Employment Outlook.
Paris: OECD
.
52.
Pontusson, J.
(2000) ‘Labor Market Institutions and Wage
Distribution’, in
Iversenet al.
(eds) Unions, Employers and Central Banks, pp.
292-330.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
53.
Price, R.
(1989) ‘Union Membership and
Density’, in
Bean
(ed.) International Labour Statistics: A Handbook and Guide.
London: Routledge
.
54.
Regini, M.
(ed.) (1992) The Future of Labour Movements.
London: Sage
.
55.
Robinson, D.
(1974) Solidaristic Wage Policy in Sweden.
Paris: OECD
.
56.
SAK (Central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions) (2000a) Info. 8/3/2000.
57.
SAK (2000b) Info. 11/12/2000.
58.
Scheuer, S.
(1998) ‘Denmark: A Less Regulated
Model’, in
Ferner
and
Hyman
(eds) Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, pp.
146-170.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
59.
Shalev, M.
(1992) ‘The Resurgence of Labour
Quiescence’, in
Regini
(ed.) The Future of Labour Movements, pp.
102-132.
London: Sage
.
60.
Shorter, E.
and
Tilly, C.
(1974) Strikes in France, 1830-1968.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
61.
Sisson, K.
(1987) The Management of Collective Bargaining: An
International Comparison.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
62.
Sisson, K.
and
Brown, W.
(1983) ‘Industrial Relations in the Private
Sector: Donovan Revisited’, in
Bain
(ed.) Industrial Relations in Britain, pp.
137-154.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
63.
Soskice, D.
(1990)
‘Wage Determination: The Changing Role of Institutions’
, Oxford Review of Economic Policy6:
36-61
.
64.
Stephens, J.
(1979) The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism.
London: Macmillan
.
65.
Stokke, T.
(1999)
‘Strikes and the Structure of Collective Bargaining in the Nordic Countries’
, paper presented at IRRU, Warwick, June.
66.
Streeck, W.
(1997) ‘German Capitalism: Does it Exist? Can it
Survive?’, in
Crouch
and
Streeck
(eds) Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and
Diversity, pp. 33-54.
London: Sage
.
67.
Terry, M.
(1994) ‘Workplace Unionism: Redefining
Structures and Objectives’, in
Hyman
and
Ferner
(eds) New Frontiers in Industrial Relations, pp.
223-249.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
68.
Thelen, K.
(1993)
‘West European Labor in Transition: Sweden and Germany Compared’
, World Politics46:
23-49
.
69.
Traxler, F.
(1995) ‘Farewell to Labour Market
Associations?’, in
Crouch
and
Traxler
(eds) Organized Industrial Relations in Europe: What Future?, pp.
3-19.
Aldershot: Avebury
.
70.
Traxler, F.
,
Blaschke, S.
and
Kittel, B.
(2001) National Labour Relations in Internationalized
Markets.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
71.
Van Ours, J. C.
(2002)
‘Discussion’, in Checchi and Lucifora ‘Unions
and Labour Market Institutions in Europe’
, Economic Policy17(35):
362-408
.
72.
Visser, J.
(1989) European Trade Unions in Figures.
Deventer: Kluwer
.
73.
Visser, J.
(1991)
‘Trends in Union Membership’
, OECD Employment Outlook,
97-134
.
74.
Visser, J.
(1992) ‘The Strength of Union Movements in
Advanced Capitalist Democracies: Social and Organisational
Variations’, in
Regini
(ed.) The Future of Labour Movements, pp.
17-52.
London: Sage
.
75.
Visser, J.
and
Hemerijck, A.
(1997) A Dutch Miracle.
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
.
76.
Walterskirchen, E.
(1991) Unemployment and Labour Market Flexibility:
Austria.
Geneva: ILO
.
77.
Western, B.
(1997) Between Class and Market: Postwar Unionization in the
Capitalist Democracies.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.