Extensive study of the magnetic properties of soils and sediments by both earth scientists and biomagnetists has failed to establish the extent to which fine-grained magnetic components in the sediments' are dominated by detrital or by authigenic bacterial contributions. The question is of considerable importance to workers in a wide range of research fields. This article aims to encourage a balanced and explicit debate between biomagnetists and ‘environmental’ magnetists since, at present, they are tending to interpret their results within mutually exclusive frames of reference.
Bloemendal, J. and de Menocal, P.1989: Evidence for a change in the periodicity of tropical climate cycles at 2.4 Myr from whole-core magnetic susceptibility measurements. Nature342, 897–900.
3.
Dealing, J.A.1979: The application of magnetic measurements to studies of particulate flux in lake-watershed ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, University of Liverpool.
4.
Fassbinder, J.W.E., Stanjeck, H. and Vali, H.1990: Occurrence of magnetic bacteria in soil. Nature343, 161–63.
5.
Frankel, R.B., Blakemore, R.P. and Wolfe, R.S.1979: Magnetite in freshwater magnetotactic bacteria. Science203, 1355–56.
6.
Higgitt, S.R., Oldfield, F. and Appleby, P.G.1991: The record of land use change and soil erosion in the late Holocene sediments of the Petit lac d'Annecy, eastern France. The Holocene1, 16–30.
7.
Karlin, R. 1990: Magnetic mineral diagenesis in suboxic sediments at Bettis Site W-N, NE Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research95, 4421–36.
8.
Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S. and McFadden, B.J., editors, 1985: Magnetite biomineralization and magnetoreception in organisms.New York: Plenum, 248.
9.
Le Borgne, E. 1960: Influence du feu sur les propriètès magnètiques du sol et du granite. Annales de Gèophysique16, 159–95.
10.
Longworth, G., Becker, L.W., Thompson, R., Oldfield, F., Dearing, J.A. and Rummery, T.A.1979: Mössbauer effect studies of secondary iron oxides in soils. Journal of Soil Science30, 93–110.
11.
Lovley, D.R., Stolz, J.F., Nord, Jr., G.L. and Phillips, E.J.P.1987: Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. Nature330, 279–81.
12.
Maher, B.A.1986: Characterization of soils by mineral magnetic measurements. Physics of the Earth & Planetary Interiors42, 76–92.
13.
Maher, B.A. and Taylor, R.G.1989: Formation of ultrafine-grained magnetite in soils. Nature36, 368–70.
14.
Maher, B.A. and Thompson, R.1991: Mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and palaeeosols. Geology19, 3–6.
15.
Mann, S. 1985: Structure, morphology and crystal growth of bacterial magnetite. In: Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S. and McFadden, B.J., editors, Magnetite biomineralization and magnetoreception in organisms. New York: Plenum, 248.
16.
Mann, S., Sparks, N.H.C., Frankel, R.B., Bazylinski, D.A. and Jannasch, H.W.1990: Biomineralization of ferrimagnetic greigite (Fe3S4) and iron pyrite (FeS2) in a magnetotactic bacterium. Nature343, 258–61.
17.
Mullins, C.A.1977: Magnetic susceptibility of the soil and its significance in soil science; a review. Journal of Soil Science28, 223–36.
18.
Mullins, C.E. and Tite, M.1973: Magnetic viscosity, Quadrature susceptibility and frequency dependence of susceptibility in single-domain assemblages of magnetite and maghaemite. Journal of Geophysical Research78, 804–809.
19.
Oldfield, F., Thompson, R. and Dickson, D.P.E.1981: Artificial enhancement of stream bedload; a hydrological application of super-paramagnetism. Physics of the Earth & Planetary Interiors26, 107–24.
20.
Oldfield, F., Hunt, A., Jones, M.D.H., Chester, R., Dearing, J.A., Olsson, L. and Prospero, J.M.1985a: Magnetic differentiation of atmospheric dusts. Nature317, 516–18.
21.
Oldfield, F., Maher, B.A., Donoghue, J. and Pierce, J.1985b: Particle-size-related mineral magnetic source-sediment linkages in the Rhode River Catchment, Maryland, USA. Journal of Geology142, 1035–46.
22.
Oldfield, F., Maher, B.A. and Appleby, P.G.1989: Sediment source variations and lead-210 inventories in recent Potomac Estuary sediment cores. Journal of Quaternary Science4, 189–200.
23.
Peterson, N., von Dobeneck, T. and Vali, H.1986: Fossil bacterial magnetic in deep-sea sediments from the S. Atlantic Ocean. Nature320, 611–15.
24.
Robinson, S.G.1986: The late Pleistocene palaeoclimatic record of North Atlantic deep-sea sediments revealed by mineral-magnetic measurements. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors42, 22–57.
25.
Rummery, T.A.1983: The use of magnetic measurements in interpreting the fire history of drainage basins. Hydrobiologia103, 45–51.
26.
Rummery, T.A., Bloemendal, J., Dearing, J.A., Oldfield, F. and Thompson, R.1979: The persistence of fire-induced magnetic oxides in soils and lake sediments. Annales de Geophysique35, 103–107.
27.
Snowball, I. and Thompson, R.1988: The occurrence of greigite in freshwater sediments from Loch Lomond. Journal of Quaternary Science3, 121–25.
28.
Vali, H., Förster, O., Amarantides, G. and Peterson, N.1987: Magnetotactic bacteria and their magnetofossils in sediments. Earth & Planetary Science Letters86, 389–400.
29.
Walling, D.E., Peart, M.R., Oldfield, F. and Thompson, R.1979: Suspended sediment sources identified by magnetic measurements. Nature281, 110–13.
30.
Yu, L. and Oldfield, F.1989: A multivariate mixing model for identifying sediment source from magnetic measurements. Quaternary Research32, 168–81.
31.
Zhou, L.P., Oldfield, F., Wintle, A.G., Robinson, S.G. and Wang, J.T.1990: Partly pedogenic origin of magnetic variations in Chinese Loess, Nature346, 737–39.
32.
Zheng, H., Oldfield, F., Yu, L., Shaw, J. and An, Z.1991: The magnetic properties of particle-sized samples from the Luo Chuan loess section: evidence for pedogenesis. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors68, 250–58.