The effect of recent land use and subsequent vegetation changes per se on surface-water acidity is difficult to ascertain because of the complicating factor of enhanced levels of anthropogenic acid deposition that occurs at the same time as land-use changes. Expansion of conifers is a major contemporary vegetation change in Sweden and other countries. The immigration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) into Sweden about 3000 years ago provides, however, a suitable means of assessing the acidification ability of spruce per se on surface waters.
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