Extensive archaeological excavations on well-preserved Roman deposits at Carlisle, Cumbria, have revealed much 'environmental' evidence. These data not only shed light on ancient building technology and the uses to which individual buildings were put, but they are of great importance in attempting to reconstruct ancient landscapes. Timber, wood, cereals, weeds of cultivation, invertebrate remains and animal bones from dendrochronologically-dated deposits are used to focus attention on specific elements of land use in a way which the technique of palynology, combined with radiocarbon dating, cannot achieve. It is concluded that the Romans had a considerable impact on the landscape, but the balances between arable, pasture and woodland cannot yet be determined.
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Dumayne, L. and Barber, K.E.1994: The impact of the Romans on the environment of northern England: pollen data from three sites close to Hadrian's Wall. The Holocene4, 165-73.
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In press: The dendrochronology. In McCarthy, M.R., in press.
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Huntley, J.P.1989: Plant remains from Annetwell Street, Carlisle, Cumbria . London: English Heritage, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 1/89.
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in press: The plant and wood remains. In McCarthy, M.R. , in press.
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in preparation: The botanical remains. In Flynn, P. , Excavations at a Romano-British farmstead at the Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle.
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Jansma, E.1992: Dendrochronological methods to determine the origin of oak timber: a case study on wood from S-Hertogenbosch. Helinium32, 195-214.
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Keeley, H.C.M.1990: The soil profile. In McCarthy, M.R., A Roman, Anglian and medieval site at Blackfriars Street, Carlisle: excavations 1977-9 . Kendal: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series 4, 315-16.
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Kenward, H.K., Allison, E.P., Dainton, M., Kemenés, I.K. and Carrott, J.P. in press: The insect and parasite remains. In McCarthy, M.R., in press.
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Lamb, H.H.1981: Climate from 1000 BC to 1000 AD. In Jones, M. and Dimbleby, G. , editors, The environment of man: the Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon period. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 87, 53-65.
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McCarthy, M.R.1986: Woodland and Roman forts. Britannia17, 339-43.
26.
— 1991: The Roman waterlogged remains and later features at Castle Street, Carlisle: excavations 1981-2. Kendal: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series 5.
27.
— in press: Roman and medieval Carlisle, The Lanes volume 1. Fascicule 1: the stratigraphic sequence, absolute dating and environmental remains.
28.
Rackham, O.1980: Ancientwoodland: its history, vegetation and uses in England. London: Edward Arnold.
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Richardson, C. in press: The lithic material. In Padley, T.G., Roman and medieval Carlisle, The Lanes volume 1. Fascicule 2: the Roman and medieval finds.
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Robinson, M.1979: Plants and invertebrates: interpretation. In Lambrick, G. and Robinson, M., Iron Age and Roman riverside settlements at Farmoor , Oxfordshire. London: Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit Report 2, Council for British Archaeology Research Report32, 106-24.
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Stallibrass, S. in press: The animal bones. In McCarthy, M.R., in press.
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— forthcoming: The animal bones. In Caruana, I.D., forthcoming.
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Tolan-Smith, C. forthcoming: The lithic material. In Padley, T.G., Roman and medieval Carlisle, The Lanes volume 2. Fascicule 1: the finds.
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Turner, J.1979: The environment of northeast England during Roman times as shown by pollen analysis. Journal of ArchaeologicalScience6, 285-90.
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Zant, J. In preparation: Roman and medieval remains at The Lanes, Carlisle, volume 2: excavations at Keay's and Law's Lanes 1979-82.
