Different types of evidence - palaeoecological, biogeographic and ethnographic - currently provide different perspectives on the question of hunter-gatherer impacts on fire-sensitive components of northern Australian vegetation. Here I analyze the apparent discrepancies, using evidence primarily from the Holocene. Using this more substantial body of evidence than is available for earlier periods, we can attempt to do justice to both ecological and social complexity. While dry rainforest patches and wet rainforest massifs need to be considered separately, each experienced more human alteration in the late Holocene than the early to mid-Holocene. In the former case, hunter-gatherer burning protected dry rainforest from climatically induced changes in fire regime; in the latter, it contributed to disturbance. Implications for future research into hunter-gatherer relations to land are discussed. This analysis does not preclude the possibility of analogous changes having occurred during the Pleistocene.
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