The effect of 2,5-hexanedione on permeability of blood-nerve barrier in rats

Abstract

To explore the effect of 2,5-hexanedione on permeability of blood-nerve barrier, adult Wistar rats were administered with 400 mg.kg^—1.d^{— 1} 2,5-hexanedione to establish animal model of 2,5-hexnedione neuropathy. Evans blue was injected through left femoral vein of the rats after the model had been established. The distribution of fluorescence in sciatic-tibial nerve was observed and assessed. For the transverse sections of sciatic-tibial nerves, the average fluorescence intensity of proximal section was stronger (p < .01) than those of intermediate and distal sections and the average fluorescence intensity of intermediate section was stronger (p < .01) than that of distal section in the intoxicated group. In the control, the weak fluorescence was shown, and average fluorescence intensity of distal section was stronger (p < .05) than that of proximal section. The average fluorescence intensity of proximal, intermediate and distal sections in the intoxicated group was stronger (p < .01) than those of the corresponding sections in the control. For the longitudinal sections of sciatic-tibial nerves, fluorescence was observed in both proximal and distal sections in the intoxicated group. The fluorescence intensity of distal section in the control was weak and almost no fluorescence was shown in the proximal section. The permeability of blood-nerve barrier could be increased by 2,5-hexanedione.

Keywords

2 5-hexanedione blood-nerve barrier neuropathy permeability

References

Hadden RD , Gregson NA , Gold R. , Smith KJ and Hughes RA Accumulation of immunoglobulin across the ‘blood-nerve barrier’ in spinal roots in adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28: 489-497.

Komoly S. Experimental demyelination caused by primary oligodendrocyte dystrophy. Regional distribution of the lesions in the nervous system of mice [corrected]. Ideggyogy Sz 2005; 58: 40-43.

Wessig C. , Jestaedt L. , Sereda MW , Bendszus M. and Stoll G. Gadofluorine M-enhanced magnetic resonance nerve imaging: comparison between acute inflammatory and chronic degenerative demyelination in rats. Exp Neurol 2008; 210: 137-143.

Boddingius J. Ultrastructural and histophysiological studies on the blood-nerve barrier and perineurial barrier in leprosy neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol 1984; 64: 282-296.

Seitz RJ , Neuen-Jacob E. , Wechsler W. Significance of lymphocytes and blood vessel changes for edema formation in polyradiculoneuritis. Acta Neuropathol 1988 ; 76: 564-573.

Giannini C. , Dyck PJ Ultrastructural morphometric abnormalities of sural nerve endoneurial microvessels in diabetes mellitus. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 408-415.

Uncini A. , Di Muzio A. , Di Guglielmo G. , et al. Effect of rhTNF-alpha injection into rat sciatic nerve. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 94: 88-94.

Kanda T. , Numata Y. , Mizusawa H. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: decreased claudin-5 and relocated ZO-1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 765-769.

Jakobsen J. , Malmgren L. , Olsson Y. Permeability of the blood-nerve barrier in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat . Exp Neurol 1978; 60: 277-285.

10.

Rechthand E. , Smith QR , Latker CH and Rapoport SI Altered blood-nerve barrier permeability to small molecules in experimental diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1987; 46: 302-314.

11.

Bradbury MW , Lightman SL , Yuen L. and Pinter GG Permeability of blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers in experimental diabetes mellitus in the anaesthetized rat. Exp Physiol 1991; 76: 887-898.

12.

Weerasuriya A. , Curran GL , Poduslo JF Physiological changes in the sciatic nerve endoneurium of lead-intoxicated rats: a model of endoneurial homeostasis. Brain Res 1990; 517: 1-6.

13.

Ohi T. , Poduslo JF , Curran GL and Dyck PJ Quantitative method for detection of blood-nerve barrier alterations in experimental animal models of neuropathy. Exp Neurol 1985 ; 90: 365-372.

14.

Bouldin TW , Earnhardt TS , Goines ND Restoration of blood-nerve barrier in neuropathy is associated with axonal regeneration and remyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1991; 50: 719-728.

15.

Southam E. , Thomas PK , King RH , Goss-Sampson MA and Muller DP Experimental vitamin E deficiency in rats. Morphological and functional evidence of abnormal axonal transport secondary to free radical damage. Brain 1991; 114: 915-936.

16.

Prineas J. Peripheral nerve changes in thiamine-deficient rats. An electron microscope study. Arch Neurol 1970; 23: 541-548.

17.

Weerasuriya A. , Curran GL , Poduslo J.F. Developmental changes in blood-nerve transfer of albumin and endoneurial albumin content in rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 1990; 521: 40-46.

18.

Schaumburg HH , Spencer PS Environmental hydrocarbons produce degeneration in cat hypothalamus and optic tract. Science 1978; 199: 199-200.

19.

Couri D. , Abdel-Rahman MS , Hetland LB Biotransformation of n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone in guinea pigs and mice. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1978; 39: 295-300.

20.

Spencer PS , Schaumburg HH Ultrastructural studies of the dying-back process. IV. Differential vulnerability of PNS and CNS fibers in experimental central-peripheral distal axonopathies . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977; 36: 300-320.

21.

LoPachin RM , Ross JF , Reid ML , Das S. , Mansukhani S. and Lehning EJ Neurological evaluation of toxic axonopathies in rats: acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23: 95-110.

22.

LoPachin RM , DeCaprio AP Gamma-Diketone neuropathy: axon atrophy and the role of cytoskeletal protein adduction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 199: 20-34.

23.

Saria A. , Lundberg JM Evans blue fluorescence: quantitative and morphological evaluation of vascular permeability in animal tissues. J Neurosci Methods 1983; 8: 41-49.

24.

Rizzuto N. , Rizzuto N. , De Grandis D. , Di Trapani G. and Pasinato E. n-hexane polyneuropathy. An occupational disease of shoemakers. Eur Neurol 1980; 19: 308-315.

25.

Herskowitz A. , Ishii N. , Schaumburg H. N-hexane neuropathy. A syndrome occurring as a result of industrial exposure. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 82-85.

26.

Graham DI , Adams JH , Nicoll JA , Maxwell WL and Gennarelli TA The nature, distribution and causes of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 1995; 5: 397-406.

27.

Spencer PS , and Schaumburg HH Recent morphological studies of toxic neuropathy. Dev Toxicol Environ Sci 1980; 8: 3-11.

28.

Kurimoto N. , Nan YS , Chen ZY , et al. Effects of specific signal transduction inhibitors on increased permeability across rat endothelial monolayers induced by neuropeptide Y or VEGF. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H100-106.

29.

Poduslo JF , Curran GL Increased permeability across the blood-nerve barrier of albumin glycated in vitro and in vivo from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 2218-2222.

30.

Grover-Johnson N. , Spencer PS Peripheral nerve abnormalities in aging rats . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1981; 40: 155-165.

31.

Spies JM , Westland KW , Bonner JG and Pollard JD Intraneural activated T cells cause focal breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier . Brain 1995; 118: 857-868.

32.

Pollard JD , Westland KW , Harvey GK , et al. Activated T cells of nonneural specificity open the blood-nerve barrier to circulating antibody. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 467-475.

33.

Rutledge JC , Curry FE , Blanche P. and Krauss RM Solvent drag of LDL across mammalian endothelial barriers with increased permeability. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H1982-1991.

34.

Hahn AF , Feasby TE , Gilbert JJ Blood-nerve barrier studies in experimental allergic neuritis. Acta Neuropathol 1985; 68: 101-109.

35.

Inglis HR , Csurhes PA , McCombe PA Antibody responses to peptides of peripheral nerve myelin proteins P0 and P2 in patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 419-422.

36.

Kanda T. , Yamawaki M. , Mizusawa H. Sera from Guillain-Barre patients enhance leakage in blood-nerve barrier model . Neurology 2003; 60: 301-306.

37.

Sparrow JR , Kiernan JA Endoneurial vascular permeability in degenerating and regenerating peripheral nerves. Acta Neuropathol 1981; 53: 181-188.

38.

Omura K. , Ohbayashi M. , Sano M. , Omura T. , Hasegawa T. and Nagano A. The recovery of blood-nerve barrier in crush nerve injury-a quantitative analysis utilizing immunohistochemistry. Brain Res 2004; 1001: 13-21.

39.

Hirakawa A. , Takeyama N. , Nakatani T. and Tanaka T. Mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochrome c release in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver. J Surg Res 2003; 111: 240-247.

40.

Roux KJ , Amici SA , Fletcher BS and Notterpek L. Modulation of epithelial morphology, monolayer permeability, and cell migration by growth arrest specific 3/peripheral myelin protein 22. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16: 1142-1151.

41.

Roux F. , Couraud PO Rat brain endothelial cell lines for the study of blood-brain barrier permeability and transport functions. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25: 41-580.

42.

Saray A. , Can B. , Akbiyik F. and Askar I. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the peripheral nerve: an experimental study . Microsurgery 1999; 19: 374-380.

43.

Nagamatsu M. , Schmelzer JD , Zollman PJ , Smithson IL , Nickander KK and Low PA Ischemic reperfusion causes lipid peroxidation and fiber degeneration. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19: 37-47.

44.

Neuen E. , Seitz RJ , Langenbach M. and Wechsler W. The leakage of serum proteins across the blood-nerve barrier in hereditary and inflammatory neuropathies. An immunohistochemical and morphometric study . Acta Neuropathol 1987; 73: 53-61.

45.

Weerasuriya A. , Curran GL , Poduslo JF Blood-nerve transfer of albumin and its implications for the endoneurial microenvironment. Brain Res 1989; 494: 114-121.

46.

Liu LY , Zheng H. , Xiao HL , et al. Comparison of blood-nerve barrier disruption and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in injured central and peripheral nerves in mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 434: 155-159.

47.

Shimizu F. , Sano Y. , Maeda T. , et al. Peripheral nerve pericytes originating from the blood-nerve barrier expresses tight junctional molecules and transporters as barrier-forming cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217: 388-399.