Receptor-Mediated Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis: New Models for Risk Assessment?

Ames BN , Durston WE , Yamasaki E. & Lee FD Carcinogens are mutagens: a single test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1973; 70: 2281-5.

Ashby JA & Tennent RW Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S. NTP Mutation Research 1991; 257: 229-306.

Nishizuka Y. Phospholipid degradation and signal translation for protein phosphorylation Trends in Biochemical Science 1983; 8: 13-16.

Li JJ & Li SA Estrogen carcinogenesis in hamster tissues: a critical review. Endocrine Reviews 1990; 11: 524-31.

Nebert DW The Ah locus: Genetic differences in toxicity, cancer, mutation and birth defects. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1989; 20: 153-74.

Issemann I. & Green S. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators Nature 1990; 347: 645-50.

Reddy JK & Lalwani ND Carcinogenesis by hepatic peroxisome proliferators: Evaluation of the risk of hypolipidemic drugs and industrial plasticizers to humans. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 1983; 12: 1-58.

Lock EA , Mitchell AM & Elcombe CR Biochemical mechanisms of induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation Annual Reviews in Pharmacology and Toxicology 1989 ; 29: 145-63.

Moody DE , Reddy JK , Lake BG , Popp JA & Reese DH Peroxisome proliferation and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis: commentary on a symposium. Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology 1991; 16: 223-48.

Hess R. , Staubli W & Riess W. Nature of the hepatomegalic effect produced by ethyl-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate in the rat Nature 1965; 208: 856-8.

Reddy JK , Rao MS , Azarnoff DL & Sell S. Mitogenic and carcinogenic effects of a hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferator, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid (Wy-14,643), in rat and mouse liver. Cancer Research 1979; 39: 152-61.

Styles JA , Kelly M. , Pritchard NR & Elcombe CR A species comparison of acute hyperplasia induced by the peroxisome proliferator methylclofenapate: involvement of the bi-nucleated hepatocyte . Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 1647-55.

Lazarow PB & de Duve C. A fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing system in rat liver peroxisomes; enhancement by clofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 1976; 73: 2043-6.

Osumi T. & Hashimoto T. Enhancement of fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing activity in rat liver peroxisomes by di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Journal of Biochemistry 1978; 83: 1361-5.

Orton TC & Parker GL The effect of hypolipidemic agents on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system of the rat. Induction of cytochrome(s) P-450 with specificity toward terminal hydroxylation of lauric acid. Drug Metabolism Dispos. 1982; 10: 110-15.

Reddy JK , Goel SK , Nemali MR et al. Transcription regulation of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in rat liver by peroxisome proliferators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1986; 83: 1747-51.

Hardwick JP , Song BJ , Huberman E. & Gonzalez FJ Isolation, complementary DNA sequence, and regulation of rat hepatic lauric acid omega-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450LA omega). Identification of a new cytochrome P-450 gene family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1987 ; 262: 801-10.

Hertz R. , Aurbach R. , Hashimoto T. & Bar-Tana J. Thyromimetic effect of peroxisomal proliferators in rat liver. Biochemical Journal 1991; 274: 745-51.

Rao MS , Lalwani ND & Reddy JK Sequential histologic study of rat liver during peroxisome proliferator (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio)-acetic acid (Wy-14,643)-induced carcinogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1984; 73: 983-90.

Marsman DS , Cattley RC , Conway JG & Popp JA Relationship of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and replicative DNA synthesis to the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome proliferators di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio)acetic acid (Wy-14,643) in rats. Cancer Research 1988; 48: 6739-44.

Kluwe WM , Haseman JK , Douglas JF & Huff JE The carcinogenicity of dietary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1982; 10: 797-815.

Kasai H. , Okadi Y. , Nishimura S. , Rao MS & Reddy JK Formation of 8-hydroxydcoyguanosinc in liver DNA of rats following long-term exposure to a peroxisome proliferator. Cancer Research 1989; 49: 2603-5.

Randerath E. , Randerath K. , Reddy R. , Danna TF , Rao MS & Reddy JK Induction of rat livcr DNA alternations by chronic administration of peroxisome proliferators as detected by 32P-postlabeling . Mutation Research 1991; 247: 65-76.

Conway JG , Tomaszewski KE , Olson MJ et al. Relationship of oxidative damage to the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome proliferators di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Wy-14,643. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 513-19.

Cattley RC & Popp JA Differences between the promoting activities of the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643 and phenobarbital in rat liver. Cancer Research 1989; 49: 3246-51.

Green S. & Chambon P. Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation . Trends in Genetics 1988; 4: 309-14.

Evans RM The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 1988; 240: 889-95.

Carson-Jurica MA , Schrader WT & O'Malley BW Steroid receptor family: structure and functions . Endocrine Reviews 1990; 11: 201-20.

Karin M. , Haslinger A. , Holtgreve A. et al. Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein-IIA gene. Nature 1984; 308: 513-19.

Martinez E. , Givel F. & Wahli W. The estrogen-responsive element as an inducible enhancer: DNA sequence requirements and conversion to a glucocorticoid-responsive element. EMBO Journal 1987; 6: 3719-27.

Akerblom IE , Slater EP , Beato M. , Baxter JD & Mellon PL Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer. Science 1988; 241: 350-3.

Glass CK , Holloway JM , Devary OV & Rosenfeld MG The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements . Cell 1988; 54: 313-23.

Glass CK , Lipkin SM , Devary OV & Rosenfeld MG Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer. Cell 1989; 59: 697-708.

Schwabe Jwr , Neuhaus D. & Rhodes D. Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 458-61.

Mader S. , Kumar V. , de Verneuil H. & Chambon P. Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Nature 1989; 338: 271-4.

Umesono K. & Evans RM Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors . Cell 1989; 57: 1139-46.

Danielsen M. , Hinck L. & Ringold GM Two amino acids within the knuckle of the first zinc finger specify DNA response element activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 1989; 57: 1131-8.

Nemali MR , Usuda N. , Reddy MK et al. Comparison of constitutive and inducible levels of expression of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and catalase genes in liver and extra-hepatic tissues of rat. Cancer Research 1988; 48: 5316-24.

Power RF , Lydon JP , Conneely OM & O'Malley BW Dopamine activation of an orphan of the steroid receptor superfamily . Science 1991; 252: 1546-8.

Alvares K. , Carrillo A. , Yuan PM et al. Identification of cytosolic peroxisome proliferator binding protein as a member of the heat shock protein HSP70 family . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1990; 87: 5293-7.

Lake BG , Gray Tjb , Pels Rifcken WR , Beamand JA & Gangolli SD The effect of hypolipidaemic agents on peroxisomal beta-oxidation and mixed-function oxidase activities in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes . Relationship between induction of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation and lauric acid hydroxylation. Xenobiotica 1984; 14: 269-76.

Lake BG , Lewis Dfv & Gray Tjb. Structure-activity relationships for hepatic peroxisome proliferation . Archives of Toxicology 1988; 12 (suppl): 217-24.

Eacho PI , Foxworthy PS , Dillard RD et al. Induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the rat liver in vivo and in vitro by tetrazole-substituted acetophenones: structure-activity relationships. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1989; 100: 177-84.

Flatmark T. , Nilsson A. , Kvannes J. et al. On the mechanism of induction of the enzyme systems for peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids in rat liver by diets rich in partially hydrogenated fish oil. Biochemica Biophysical Acta 1988; 962: 122-30.

Nilsson A. , Arey H. , Pedersen JI & Christiansen EN The effect of high-fat diets on microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation in rat liver. Biochemica Biophysica Acta 1986; 879: 209-14.

Frenkel RA , Slaughter CA , Orth K. et al. Peroxisome proliferation and induction of peroxisomal enzymes in mouse and rat liver by dehydroepiandrosterone feeding. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 1990; 35: 333-42.

Kase BF , Prydz K. , Björkhem I. & Pedersen JI In-vitro formation of bile acids from di- and trihydroxy-5 betacholestanoic acid in human liver peroxisomes. Biochemica Biophysica Acta 1986; 877: 37-42.

de The H. , Vivanco-Riuz MM , Tiollais P. , Stunnenberg H. & Dejean A. Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor beta gene. Nature 1990; 343: (177-80).

Vasios G. , Mader S. , Gold JD et al. The late retinoic acid induction of laminin B 1 gene transcription involves RAR binding to the responsive element. EMBO Journal 1991; 10: 1149-58.

Osumi T. , Ishii N. , Miyazawa S. & Hashimoto T. Isolation and structural characterization of the rat acyl-CoA oxidase gene . Journal of Biologial Chemistry 1987 ; 262: 8138-43.

Tugwood JD , Issemann I. , Anderson RG , Bundell, K. , McPheat, W. & Green S. The mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor recognizes a response element in the rat acyl CoA oxidase gene promoter. (submitted).

Osumi T. , Wen JK & Hashimoto T. Two cis-acting regulatory sequences in the peroxisome proliferator-responsive enhancer region of the rat acyl CoA oxidase gene. Biochemistry Biophysics Research Communications 1991; 175: 866-71.

Gerbacht U. , Bursch W. , Kraus P. et al. Effects of hypolipidemic drugs nafenopin and clofibrate on phenotypic expression and cell death (apoptosis) in altered foci of rat liver. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 617-24.

Bentley P. , Bieri F. , Muakkassah-Kelly S. , Staubli W. & Waechter F. Mechanisms of tumour induction by peroxisome proliferators. Archives of Toxicology 1988; 12 (suppl.): 240-7.

Cherkaoui-Malki M. , Lone YC , Corral-Debrinski M. & Latruffe N. Differential proto-oncogene mRNA induction from rats treated with peroxisome proliferators . Biochemistry Biophsyics Research Communications 1990; 173: 855-61.

Gupta C. , Hattori A. & Shinozuka H. Suppression of EGF binding in rat liver by the hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators, 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio-(N-beta-hydroxyethyl) acetamide and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 167-9.

Elcombe CR & Mitchell AM Peroxisome proliferation due to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): species differences and possible mechanisms. Environmental Health Perspectives 1986; 70: 211-19.

Eacho PI , Foxworthy PS , Johnson WD , Hoover DM & White SL Hepatic peroxisomal changes induced by a tetrazole-substituted alkoxyacetophenone in rats and comparison with other species. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1986; 83: 430-7.

Lake BG , Evans JG , Gray Tjb , Korosi SA & North CJ Comparative studies on nafenopin-induced hepatic peroxisome proliferation in the rat, Syrian hamster, guinea pig, and marmoset. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1989; 99: 148-60.

Blumcke S. , Schwartzkopff W. , Lobeck H. et al. Influence of fenofibrate on cellular and subcellular liver structure in hyperlipidemic patients. Atherosclerosis 1983; 46: 105-16.

Hanefeld M. , Kemmer C. & Kadner E. Relationship between morphological changes and lipid-lowering action of p-chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) on hepatic mitochondria and peroxisomes in man. Atherosclerosis 1983; 46: 239-46.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for carcinogenic risk assessment. Federal Register 1986; 51: 33992-4003.

Roberts L. Dioxin risks revisited. Science 1991 ; 251: 624-6.