Extremely hypotrophic newborn of mother with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome

The case presented describes a high-risk pregnancy of a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with multiple lesions of central nervous system (CNS), vasculitis, secondary epilepsy and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). At gestational age 28 weeks and 3 days the pregnancy was urgently terminated via caesarean section and an extremely hypotrophic immature newborn with a birth weight of 580 g was born. The high disease activity in the mother at the time of conception and the histologically proven chronic placental insufficiency due to APS are presumably the causes for the extensive hypotrophy of the neonate. The significant comorbidity of the newborn, including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteopathy of prematurity, transient hypothyroidism and hypocortisolism, vesicoureteral reflux, and hypertonic-hyperexcitation syndrome complicated his three-month stay in NICU. A positive titre of transplacentally transferred anticardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein antibody was detected in the child and persisted through the following 30 months. During the three-year follow-up, significantly delayed neuropsychological development with microcephaly (−4 SD) and short stature of the child was observed. Finally, the authors discuss possible causes of neuropsychological consequences in children of mothers with SLE and APS and emphasize the need for long-term monitoring and specialized care to improve development of these children.