This article looks at the relationship between European integration and national foreign and security policy -specifically, how and to what extent the development of a European (EU) foreign and security policy leads to adaptation and change in national foreign and security policy. The theoretical point of departure is an interest in national changes in response to EU norms. It will be argued that national approaches tend to adapt to norms defined by an international community or institution to which they are closely linked; that this adaptation takes place over time, through a socialization process; and that it may also, in the end, lead to changes in national identity. This argument challenges the common assumption of international relations theory that national identities and/or interests are fixed and independent of structural factors like international norms and values. The empirical focus is on changes in French foreign and security policy since the early 1990s. How and to what extent has the dominant French national discourse on foreign and security policy changed since the early 1990s? And how are these changes related to the European integration process in general, and to the development of a European foreign and security dimension in particular?
Adler, Emanuel & Michael Barnett , 1996. ‘Governing Anarchy: A Research Agenda for the Study of Security Communities’ , Ethics and International Affairs10: 63-98 .
2.
Aggestam, Lisbeth , 2004. ‘Role Identity and the Europeanization of Foreign Policy: A Political-Cultural Approach’, in Ben Tonra & Thomas Christiansen , eds, Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press (81-98).
3.
Alliot-Marie, Michèle, 2004. Speech at the 56th National Session at IHDN, Paris, 2 February.
4.
Argyris, Chris & Donald A. Schön , 1978. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley .
5.
Bacot-Décriaud, Michèle , 2004. ‘La France, l’OTAN et l’Union Européenne. Entre logique atlantique et logique européenne’ [France, NATO and the European Union: Between Atlantic Logic and European Logic] , Arès20(3): 39-83 .
6.
Blunden, Margaret , 2000. ‘France’, in Ian Manners & Richard G. Whitmann , eds, The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press (19-43).
7.
Bozo, Frédéric , 1996. Deux stratégies pour l’Europe. De Gaulle, les Etats-Unis et l’Alliance Atlantique 1958-1969 [Two Strategies for Europe: De Gaulle, the USA and the Atlantic Alliance 1958-69]. Paris: Plon .
8.
Bull, Hedley , 1983. ‘Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, in Loukas Tsoukalis , ed., The European Community: Past, Present and Future. London: Blackwell (150-170).
9.
Chirac, Jacques , 1996. Television interview , TF1, 22 February.
Chirac, Jacques , 1999. ‘Entretien de Monsieur Jacques Chirac’ [Interview with Mr Jacques Chirac] , Armées d’aujourd’hui, 1 December.
12.
Chirac, Jacques, 2000. Speech at the Presidents Committee in the WEU Parliamentary Assembly and the IHDN, Paris, 30 May.
13.
Christiansen, Thomas ; Knud Erik Jørgensen & Antje Wiener , 2001. ‘Introduction’, in Thomas Christiansen , Knud Erik Jørgensen & Antje Wiener , eds, The Social Construction of Europe. London: Sage (1-19).
14.
Clarke, Michael , 2000. ‘French and British Security: Mirror Images in a Globalized World’ , International Affairs76(4): 725-739 .
15.
Cooper, Robert , 2003. The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century. London: Atlantic .
16.
Cowles, Maria ; James Caporaso & Thomas Risse , 2001. ‘Europeanization and Domestic Change’, in Maria Cowles , James Caporaso & Thomas Risse , eds, Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca NY, & London: Cornell University Press (1-20).
17.
Deutsch, Karl W. , 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organisation in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
18.
Eurobarometer, 2004. Standard Eurobarometer 62. Brussels: European Commission ; available at http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/standard_en.htm.
19.
European Council , 2003. A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy. Brussels: European Council .
20.
Freedman, Laurence & Anand Menon , 1997. ‘Conclusion: Defence, States and Integration’, in Jolyon Howorth & Anand Menon , eds, The European Union and National Defence Policy: The State and the European Union. London & New York: Routledge (155-172).
21.
Gaffney, John , 2004. ‘Highly Emotional States: French-US Relations and the Iraq War’ , European Security13(3): 247-272 .
22.
Gregory, Shaun , 2000. French Defence Policy Into the Twenty-First Century. London & New York: Macmillan .
23.
Haigneré, Claudie , 2004. Perspectives françaises sur l’Europe du future [French Perspectives on the Europe of the Future]. Speech at the Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen , 6 September.
24.
Hill, Christopher , 1993. ‘The Capability-Expectation Gap, or Conceptualizing Europe’s International Role’ , Journal of Common Market Studies31(3): 305-328 .
25.
Hoffmann, Stanley , 1974. ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? France, European Integration, and the Fate of the Nation-State’, in Stanley Hoffmann, Decline or Renewal? France Since the 1930s. New York: Viking (363-399).
26.
Hoffmann, Stanley , 2000. ‘La France dans le monde 1979-2000’ [France in the World 1979-2000] , Politique étrangère2: 307-317 .
27.
Holm, Ulla , 2000. ‘France: A European Civilizational Power’, in J. Peter Burgess & Ola Tunander , eds, European Security Identities: Contested Understandings of EU and NATO, PRIO Report 2/2000. Oslo: PRIO (173-190).
28.
Holm, Ulla , 2002. ‘The Implication of the Concept of the French State-Nation and “Patrie” for French Discourses on (Algerian) Immigration’, Working Papers 35. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute .
29.
Holm, Ulla , 2003. ‘Frankrig: En taber i international politik?’ [France: A Loser in International Politics?] , Udenrigs2: 39-50 .
30.
Holm, Ulla , 2004. ‘The Old France, the New Europe and a Multipolar world’, unpublished paper, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen .
31.
Howorth, Jolyon , 1997. ‘France’, in Jolyon Howorth & Anand Menon , eds, The European Union and National Defence Policy: The State and the European Union. London & New York: Routledge (23-48).
32.
Howorth, Jolyon , 1998. ‘French Defence Reforms: National Tactics for a European Strategy?’, in Brassey’s Defence Yearbook 1998. London: Brassey’s (130-151).
33.
Howorth, Jolyon , 2004. ‘Discourse, Ideas, and Epistemic Communities in European Security and Defence Policy’ , West European Politics27(2): 211-234 .
34.
Howorth, Jolyon & Anand Menon , 1997. The European Union and National Defence Policy: The State and the European Union. London & New York: Routledge .
35.
Kagan, Robert , 2003. Of Paradise and Power. New York: Alfred A. Knopf .
36.
Kramer, Steven Philip , 1994. Does France Still Count? The French Role in the New Europe. Westport, CT: Praeger .
37.
La documentation française , 1994. ‘Livre Blanc sur la Défense’ [Defence White Paper]. Paris: La documentation française .
38.
Lansford, Tom , 2002. ‘Whither Lafayette? French Military Policy and the American Campaign in Afghanistan’ , European Security11(3): 126-141 .
39.
Larsen, Henrik , 1997. Foreign Policy and Discourse Analysis: France, Britain and Europe. London: Routledge .
40.
Lindley-French, Julian & Franco Algieri , 2004. A European Defence Strategy. Guetersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation .
41.
Manners, Ian , 2002. ‘European [Security] Union: From Existential Threat to Ontological Security’, Working Papers 5. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute .
42.
Menon, Anand , 2000. France, NATO and the Limits of Independence 1981-97: The Politics of Ambivalence. London & New York: Macmillan .
43.
Ministry of Defence , 1996. ‘Projet de loi de programmation militaire 1997-2002’ [Legislation Proposal for the Military Programme 1997-2002]. Paris: Ministry of Defence .
44.
Ministry of Defence , 2002. ‘Le projet de loi de programmation militaire 2003-2008’ [Legislation Proposal for the Military Programme 2003-08], Paris: Ministry of Defence .
45.
Mitterand, François, 1992. Opening speech at ‘Rencontres nationales pour l’Europe’, Palais des Congres, Paris, 10 January.
46.
Parsons, Craig , 2000. ‘Domestic Interests, Ideas and Integration: Lessons from the French Case’ , Journal of Common Market Studies38(1): 45-70 .
47.
Parsons, Craig , 2003. A Certain Idea of Europe. Ithaca, NY & London: Cornell University Press .
48.
Rieker, Pernille , 1998. ‘Frankrike og NATO i 1990-årene’ [France and NATO in the 1990s] , Internasjonal Politikk56(4): 565-578 .
49.
Rieker, Pernille , 2006. Europeanization of National Security Identity: The EU and the Changing Security Identities of the Nordic States. London: Routledge .
50.
Risse, Thomas , 2001. ‘A European Identity? Europeanization and the Evolution of Nation-State Identities’, in Maria Cowles , James Caporaso & Thomas Risse , eds, Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca, NY & London: Cornell University Press (198-216).
51.
Risse, Thomas & Kathryn Sikkink , 1999. ‘The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms Into Domestic Practices: Introduction’, in Thomas Risse , Stephan C. Ropp & Kathryn Sikkink , eds, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1-38).
52.
Rosamond, Ben , 2000. Theories of European Integration. London: Macmillan .
53.
Sjursen, Helene , 2004. ‘Changes to European Security in a Communicative Perspective’ , Cooperation & Conflict39(2): 107-128 .
54.
Study Group on Europe’s Security Capabilities , 2004. ‘A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: The Barcelona Report of the Study Group on Europe’s Security Capabilities’ , presented to EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, Barcelona, 15 September.
55.
Tonra, Ben , 2001. The Europeanization of National Foreign Policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish Foreign Policy in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate .
56.
Utley, Rachel , 2000. The French Defence Debate: Consensus and Continuity in the Mitterrand Era. London: Macmillan .
57.
Utley, Rachel , 2006. ‘A Means to Wider Ends? France, Germany and Peacekeeping’, in Rachel Utley , ed., Major Powers and Peacekeeping: Perspectives, Priorities and the Challenges of Military Intervention. Aldershot & Burlington: Ashgate (63-80).
58.
Wæver, Ole , 1995. ‘Identity, Integration and Security: Solving the Sovereignty Puzzle in EU Studies’ , Journal of International Affairs48(2): 46-86 .
59.
Walt, Stephen M. , 1991. ‘The Renaissance of Security Studies’ , International Studies Quarterly35: 211-239 .
