International Organization for Environmental Security

Aspects of the concept have been analyzed in Arthur H. Westing , ed., Global Resources and International Conflict. Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action ( Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press 1986).

See also M. Mesarovic & Eduard Pestel , Mankind at a Turning Point. Second Report to the Club of Rome, 1974.

Address to the 43rd session of the UN General Assembly, 27 September 1988, UN Doc. A/43/PV.6, p. 76.

UN Doc. E/1988/105, 14 July 1988, p. 3

For a more general review, see Nico Schrijver , 'International Organization for the Management of Interdependence. Alternative Ideas in Pursuit of Global Decision Making', Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 19 (1988) No. 2, pp. 175-185.

B.V.A. Röling , 'The Concept of Security and the Function of National Armed Power' in A. Cassese , ed., The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force (Dordrecht, 1986), p. 288.

As quoted by Röling, p. 298.

Such issues are extensively discussed by W.D. Verwey , 'Humanitarian Intervention Under International Law', in Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. XXXII (1985), pp. 357-418.

Amending the UN Charter is a complicated procedure. Amendments come into force only after ratification by two-thirds of the member States, including all the permanent members of the Security Council (Article 108 of the UN Charter).

E/Res/1988/77, 29 July 1988 on 'Revitalization of the Economic and Social Council'.

ICJ Reports (1949), p. 22.

See Kevin J. Madders , 'Trail Smelter Arbitration', in Bernhardt , ed., Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 2 (Amsterdam 1981), pp. 276-281.

Article 26, para. 1 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice reads: 'The Court may from time to time form one or more chambers, composed of three or more judges as the Court may determine, for dealing with particular categories of cases; for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit and communications.' See for an analysis of these statutory provisions Rudolf Ostrihansky, 'Chambers of the International Court of Justice', in International Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 37 (1988), pp. 30-52.

M. Lachs , 'The Revised Procedure of the International Court of Justice', in Kalshoven et al., eds., Essays on the Development of the International Legal Order (The Hague, 1980), p. 42.

See his 'Foreword' to the Report of the Experts group on environmental law of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development ( London/ Dordrecht, 1987), pp. xvi and xvii.

GA Res. 2997 (XXVII), 15 December 1972 on 'Institutional and Financial Arrangements for International Environmental Cooperation', adopted with 116 votes to none, with ten abstentions.

1987. Annual Report of the Executive Director of UNEP (Nairobi, 1988).

The Brundtland report, Our Common Future ( Oxford, 1987), p. 332.

UN Doc. A/43/PV.6, p. 76.

A/RES/42/93, 'Comprehensive System of International Peace and Security' (see para. 10) was adopted on 7 December 1987 by 76 to 12 votes, with 63 abstentions. At the next session of the UN General Assembly the score was better, but the language even more general and vague (cf. the second preambular para.). A/RES/43/89 was adopted on 7 December 1988 by 97 votes to 3 (Israel, Japan, USA), with 45 abstentions.

Bertrand, Maurice Some Reflections on Reform of the United Nations, Joint Inspection Unit of the UN , UN Doc. JIU/REP/85/ 9 (Geneva, 1985 ), p. 67.

For a further discussion of this concept, see Nico Schrijver (1988), pp. 179-181.

This has been suggested in the context of Ecoforum for Peace, a Sofia-based NGO in which international environmental experts participate.

J. Tinbergen & D. Fisher , Warfare and Welfare (Sussex, 1987), pp. 158-159.

Annual Report UNEP, 1987, p. 8.

See Nico Schrijver , 'The Role of the United Nations in the Development of International Law', in Jeffrey Harrod and Nico Schrijver , eds., The UN Under Attack (Aldershot, 1988), pp. 33-56.