Regional Peace and Stability in the Gulf

1 Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Statistics Report (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, November 1994), p. 9.

2 For a good review of the rentier literature see Hazem Beblawi & Giacomo Luciani, eds, The Rentier State (London: Croom Helm, 1987). For a more recent one with an examination of Gulf states see Giacomo Luciani, `The Oil Rent, the Fiscal Crisis of the State and Democratization' in Ghassan Salame, ed., Democracy Without Democrats? (New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1994), pp. 130-156.

3 Some scholars argue that the relation of taxation to political demands is not straightforward. Rather, levels and kinds of taxation should be considered. See John Waterbury, `Democracy Without Democrats?: The potential for political liberalization in the Middle East' in Ghassan Salame, ed., Democracy Without Democrats?, pp. 23-48.

4 Philip Shenon, `Oil Prices Are Unruffled By OPEC Output Limits', New York Times, 23 November 1994, p. C2.

5 Agis Salpukas, `OPEC Move May Spur Sharp Rise in Oil Prices', New York Times, 24 November 1994, p. C5.

6 Augustus Richard Norton, `The Challenge of Inclusion in the Middle East', Current History, vol.94, no.588, January 1995, p. 4.

7 Middle East Economic Digest, Annual Review, vol. 38, no. 51, 23 December 1994, pp. 21-40.

8 Mark Nicholson, `Profit Squeeze Tightens', Financial Times, 15 December 1994, p. 35.

9 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 485.

10 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Survey 1993-1994 (London: Brassey's, 1994) p. 143.

11 In 1994 Oman's Sultan Qabus expanded the number of Council seats to 80, a move which allocated two members for districts with a higher population. In addition, two women were selected.

12 For a recent extensive study see Augustus Richard Norton, ed., Civil Society in the Middle East (New York: E.J. Brill, 1995), particularly chapter 6, Neil Hicks & Ghanim al-Najjar, `The Utility of Tradition: Civil Society in Kuwait', pp. 186-214.

13 For a recent study of the Islamic movement in Saudi Arabia see R. Hrair Dekmejian, `The Rise of Political Islamism in Saudi Arabia', Middle East Journal, vol. 48, no. 4, 1994, pp. 627-645.

14 Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 1994 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, July 1994), p. 15.

15 Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Statistics Report, p. 22.

16 Gregory Gause, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council On Foreign Relations Press, 1994), p. 183.

17 In December 1994 an intelligence analysis prepared by the Clinton Administration concluded that Iran's Government is durable, and that neither isolation nor embrace by the outside world is likely to overturn it. See David E. Sanger, `Fear, Inflation and Graft Feed Disillusion Among Iranians', New York Times, 30 May 1995, p. 1.

18 Economist, `Iran and America: A Convenient Marriage', vol. 334, no. 7903, 25 February 1995, p. 43.

19 Geoffrey Kemp, Forever Enemies? American Policy and the Islamic Republic of Iran (Washington DC: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994).