Violence in Kashmir

1 `Agreement Between Military Representatives of India and Pakistan Regarding the Establishment of a Ceasefire Line in the State of Jammu and Kashmir (S/AC.12/TC4), 29 July 1949', in P. L. Lakhpanal, Essential Documents and Notes of Kashmir Dispute (Delhi: International Books, 1965), p. 177; also `Truce Terms Transmitted to the Governments of India and Pakistan by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), 28 April 1949 (S/AC.12/195)', in K. Sarwar Hasan, ed., Documents on the Foreign Relations of Pakistan: The Kashmir Question) (Karachi: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1966), p. 215.

2 Resolution adopted by the UNCIP, 5 January 1949; see also Hasan, p. 212, and Lakhpanal, p. 158 (see note 1 above). The UNCIP was appointed by the Security Council; see Resolution of 21 April 1948; Lakhpanal, pp. 146 ff.

3 Indian signatory to the agreement, to this author, in Srinagar, 1982.

4 Frederic Drew, The Northern Barrier of India (London: Edward Stanford, 1877), pp. 124-125; W. Wakefield, Happy Valley (London: Samson Lowe, Marston, Seale & Rivington, 1879); and many other commentators.

5 Use of these terms does not imply endorsement of their adoption by the countries who also refer to `POK' (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir) and its concomitant, `IOK'.

6 `Advani Given Charge of J&K Affairs', The Times of India, 24 May 1998.

7 President Zia of Pakistan, to author, September 1985.

8 Barry Bearak, `India, Pakistan Fail to Resolve Glacier War', New York Times, 7 November 1998.

9 There exist few unbiased accounts of the insurgency, but see Robert G. Wirsing, India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute (London: St Martin's Press, 1994), Chapter 4.

10 Ibid.

11 `Held Kashmir', Dawn (Pakistan), 14 September 1998, quoting the Press Trust of India.

12 Human Rights Watch/ Asia, 1998 Report (http://www.hrw.org/hrw/worldreport/).

13 `India Determined Not to Lose More Territory: PM', The Times of India, 1 March 1999.

14 `No Compromise on Kashmir, says Nawaz', The News, Pakistan, 26 February 1999.

15 In his report to the Security Council of 15 September 1950. See Hasan (note 1 above), p. 278, para. 105.

16 `Pakistan, India Blame Kashmir Firing on Each Other', Reuters (Internet) 10:06 11-02-98.

17 Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army... (see note 1 above), pp. 305-306.

18 John Chalmers, `Pakistan Rejects Kashmir Glacier Ceasefire', Reuters (Internet) 09:30 11-06-98.

19 See Hasan (note 1 above), p. 278, para. 105.

20 See Reports on Kashmir by UN Representatives, Government of Pakistan, Karachi 1962. In chronological order these were General AGL McNaughton (Canada), Sir Owen Dixon (Australia), Dr Frank Graham (USA) and Gunnar Jarring (Sweden). Dr Graham also submitted the final report in the series, dated 31 March 1958.

21 Statement at the 564th Meeting of the Security Council, 18 October 1951. The sentiments expressed were in the context of the death of Pakistan's Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, at the hand of an assassin.

22 `India, Pakistan, and the Bomb', The Economist, 3 October 1998, p. 102.

23 Although the Simla Accord states that `both governments will take all steps within their power to prevent hostile propaganda against each other', and it is notable that radio and TV in both countries are government-controlled.

24 US Department of State, India Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 26 February 1999, Sections 1.a. and g.

25 `Indian Government Says N-tests Point to Multi-polar World', Reuters (Internet) 11:36 10-26-98.

26 HRW Section VII, the first para., opening sentence.

27 India Country Report (see note 24 above), Section 1.a.

28 John Chalmers, `India, Pakistan Work on Trading Goods, Not Insults', Reuters (Internet) 04:09 11-04-98.

29 John Burns, `At South Asia Summit: an Annual Economic Lament', New York Times, 3 August 1998.

30 `Pakistan PM Sharif Calls for Ending Kashmir Row', Reuters 09:14 03-01-99.

31 Vinod Sharma, `PMs Talk, Sign Peace Declaration', Hindustan Times, 22 February 1999.

32 Sanjeev Miglani, `India, Pakistan Draw Blank in Boundary Talks', Reuters (Internet) 09:00 11-09-98.

33 Ibid.

34 In early 1999, there were Indian peacekeeping troops in Angola, Iraq/Kuwait, Lebanon, Sierra Leone and Western Sahara.