Effect of Micro- and Nano- Size of Cellulose Particles Extracted from Rice Husk on the Properties of Hydrogels

Abstract

The effects of different size of cellulose particles extracted from rice husk on the properties of gelatin/cellulose hydrogels were studied. Micro size cellulose was extracted by alkali and bleaching treatments followed by acid hydrolysis to obtain cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). Both cellulose (micro) and CNC (nano) were used in hydrogels formulation with gelatin (in ratio 25% cellulose dispersion to 75% gelatin). Gelatin was then subjected to chemical cross-linking using glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent with CNC entrapped in gelatin to produce hydrogels. SEM observation revealed that swollen micro cellulose has irregular and bigger pores compared to cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hydrogel which has homogeneous and smaller pores arrangement thus affecting their swelling degree. The cellulose fibers exhibit enhanced thermal stability but contrary with the cellulose nanocrystals which showed lower thermal stability.

Keywords

Cellulose Cellulose nanocrystal Rice husk Gelatin Hydrogel

References

Chang

and Zhang

2011. Cellulose-based hydrogels: Present status and application prospects. Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 40–53.

Buwalda

S. J.

Boere

K. W. M.

Dijkstra

P. J.

Feijen

Vermonden

and Hennink

W.E.

2014. Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials. Journal of Controlled Release 190(0): 254–273

Astrini

Anah

and Haryono

2012. Crosslinking Parameter on the Preparation of Cellulose Based Hydrogel with Divynilsulfone. Procedia Chemistry 4(0): 275–281.

Dash

Foston

and Ragauskas

A.J.

2013. Improving the mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked by cellulose nanowhiskers. Carbohydrate Polymers 91(2): 638–645.

Johar

Ahmad

and Dufresne

2012. Extraction, preparation and characterization of cellulose fibers and nanocrystals from rice husk. Industrial Crops and Products 37(1): 93–99.

and Gu

2009. Effects of microstructure, crosslinking density, temperature and exterior load on dynamic pH-response of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-blend-gelatin hydrogel fibers. European Polymer Journal 45(6): 1706–1715.

Johari

Ahmad

and Halib

2012. Comparison Study of Hydrogels Properties Synthesized with Micro-andNano-Size Bacterial Cellulose Particles Extracted from Nata de coco. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 26(4): 399–404.

Chang

Lue

and Zhang

2008. Effects of Crosslinking Methods on Structure and Properties of Cellulose/PVA Hydrogels. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 209(12): 1266–1273

Sannino

Demitri

and Madaghiele

2009. Biodegradable Cellulose-based Hydrogels: Design and Applications. Materials 2(2): 353–373.

10.

Chang

Zhang

Zhou

Zhang

and Kennedy

J.F.

2010. Structure and properties of hydrogels prepared from cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Carbohydrate Polymers 82(1): 122–127.

11.

Rudraraju

V.S.

and Wyandt

C. M.

2005. Rheology of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Sodiumcarboxymethyl Cellulose hydrogels using a controlled stress rheometer: part II. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 292(1–2): 63–73.

12.

Mohd Amin

M.C.I.

Ahmad

Halib

and Ahmad

2012. Synthesis and characterization of thermo- and pH-responsive bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid hydrogels for drug delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(2): 465–473.

13.

Alemdar

and Sain

2008. Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues – Wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresource Technology 99(6): 1664–1671.

14.

Yang

Zhou

Zhang

Huang

Wang

Han

Zhai

Wei

and Li

2010. A green fabrication approach of gelatin/CM-chitosan hybrid hydrogel for wound healing. Carbohydrate Polymers 82(4): 1297–1305.

15.

Azizi Samir

M.A.S.

Alloin

and Dufresne

2005. Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2): 612–626.

16.

Liao

Zhang

and Chen

2009. Differential physical, rheological, and biological properties of rapid in situ gelable hydrogels composed of oxidized alginate and gelatin derived from marine or porcine sources. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 20(6): 1263–1271.

17.

Razmjou

Simon

G.P.

and Wang

2013. Effect of particle size on the performance of forward osmosis desalination by stimuli-responsive polymer hydrogels as a draw agent. Chemical Engineering Journal 215–216(0): 913–920.

18.

Omidian

Hashemi

S.A.

Sammes

P.G.

and Meldrum

1999. Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers (dependence on particle size and salinity). Polymer 40(7): 1753–1761.

19.

Guo

Lin

and Li

2012. Preparation and properties of dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose crosslinked gelatin edible films. Food Hydrocolloids 27(1): 22–29.

20.

Inamura

P.Y.

Kraide

F.H.

Drumond

W.S.

De Lima

N.B.

Moura

E. a. B.

and Del Mastro

N.L.

2013. Ionizing Radiation Influence on the Morphological and Thermal Characteristics of a Biocomposite Prepared with Gelatin and Brazil Nut Wastes as Fibre Source. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 84(0): 66–69.

21.

Zhao

Zhang

and Deng

2013. Extraction of Cellulose Nanofibrils from Dry Softwood Pulp Using High Shear Homogenization. Carbohydrate Polymers 97(2): 695–702

22.

Wang

Ding

and Cheng

2007. Thermal degradation behaviors of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups. Polymer 48(12): 3486–3493.