Perspectives on Peace during the Philippine—American War of 1899–1902

This article examines the contrasting approaches of Filipinos and Americans to peace during the Philippine–American war of 1899–1902 and, at greater length, the divisions between Filipinos – between annexationists, autonomistas, and independentistas – over that issue. It aims to broaden the meaning and scope of peace research beyond the history of wars, diplomatic relations, and biographies of generals and heroes, toward a deeper analysis of the concept and content of peace in a given historical environment. The article draws from the letters and writings of Apolinario Mabini, the Philippine Revolutionary Papers (formerly the Philippine Insurgent Records), articles written by Filipino support groups, and private and official American papers.