Making United Nations a Viable Organisation

Kissinger Henry , Diplomacy, New York, 1994, pp.23–24.

George Bush in Preface to National Security of the United States, 1993, US Government Printing Office, January 1993, pp. i & ii.

Banerjee D. , “Emerging International order: Conflict or Cooperation?” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVI, No. 9, Dec. 1993, p.1147.

Singh Jasjit , “United Nations Peacekeeping Operation: The Challenges of Change,” in Rajan MS (ed.) United Nations at 50 and Beyond, Lancers Books, New Delhi, 1996, p. 145.

Brian Urquhart and Erskine Childers, Towards a More Effective United Nations, Uppsala, Sweden, 1991.

Johnson Stanely P. , World Population — Turning the Tide: Three Decades of Progress, London, 1991, pp.256–57.

Brian Urquhart, n.5, p.51.

Brian Urquhart and Erskine Childers, A World in Need of Leadership: Tomorrows United Nations, Dag Hammarsk jold Foundation, Uppsala, 1990, p.10.

Banerjee D. , “An Emerging World Order”, US Journal, Jan-March 1994, p.42.

Bilgrami S.J.R. , “United Nations: With and Without Cold War”, in MS Rajan n.4, p.249.

The flames of ethnic nationalism in the Balkans, Chechnya, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Caucasus among others are threatening international security.

Hannum Hurst , “The Specter of Secession: Responding to Claims for Ethnic Self-Determination”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 22 March-April 1998, p. 13.

Talib Rashid , “Nationalism Redefined”, Hindustan Times, July 20, 1995.

Huntington Samuel P. , “The Clash of Civilization?” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp.22–49.

See Tibi Bassam , The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorders, London, 1998; John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality, New York, 1992.

Singh Jasjit , n.4, pp. 140–42.

“Yes, we have slain a large dragon, but we live now in a jungle filled with a variety of poisonous snakes. And in many ways the dragon was easier to keep track of. James Woolsey, Director CIA, quoted in Richard Falk,” In Search of New World Model”, Current History, Vol. 92, No. 573, April 1993, p. 145.

Kumar Dinesh , “Light Weapons are Taking a Heavy Toll” The Times of India. Jan 19, 1996.

Kamath P.M. , “Terrorism in India: Impact on National Security”, Streategic Analysis Vol. XXV, No.9, Dec. 2001, p. 1086.

“Alexandra Novoseloff: Revitalizing the United Nations: Anticipation and Prevention as Primary Goals”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXV No. 8 Nov. 2001, p. 948.

Kak Kapil , “Humanitarian Intervention and the Changing Role of the UN”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIV, No. 7, Oct. 2000, pp. 1235–1244.

Dubey Muchund , “Order Across Borders: NATO Usurping UN's Legitimate Role,” Times of India, Nov. 5, 1998.

Uday Bhaskar C. , “Post-Cold War Security”, Strategic Analysis Vol. XXI, No. 8 Nov. 1997, p. 1136.

Ibid. pp. 1143–46.

“Redefining Security: The Human Dimension” Hitman Development Report 1999, publised in Current History, Vol. 94 No. 592, May 1995, p. 229.

Kanwal Gurmeet , “The New World Order: An Appraisal-I”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No.3, June 1999, p. 361.

Joshi Akshay , “The Information Revolution and National Power: Political Aspects-II”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No. 6, September 1999. p. 1014.

See McNeill William H. , “Winds of Change” and Stanley Hoffman, “A New, World and its Troubles” in Rizopoulos Nicholas X (ed.) Sea Changes, Council of Foreign Relations Press, New York 1990 pp. 163–203, 274–292, D Banerjee (ed.) Security in the New World Order, New Delhi, 1997.

Joshi Akshay , “The Information Revolution and National Power: Political Aspects-I”, Strategic Analysis Vol. XXIII, No. 5 August 1999, p. 763.

Gombert David C. , “National Security in the Information Age”, Naval War College Review, Autumn 1998, p. 28.

Joshi Akshay , n. 31, p. 775.

Bhogal Parminder S. , “New World Order and United Nations”, Mainstream, October 10, 1992, p. 23.

Krauthammer Charles , “The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, 70(i), 1991, p. 24.

Friedberg Aaron L. , “The Future of American Power”, Political Science Qauterly, 109, (17) Spring 1994, p. 21.

Kumar Satish , “The Post-Cold War International System: An Indian Perspective”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXI, No. 6, Sept. 1999, p. 829.

Bilgrami S.J.R. , No. 10, p. 250.

Kanwal Gurmeet , “The New World order: An appraisal”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. X-XXII, No. 3, June 1949, n.28, p. 346.

Novosseloff Alexandra , n. 20. p. 949.

D'Mello Ashley , “There are Other Poles of Influence in the UN than the US”, The Times of India, July 31, 1998.

There is an advocacy of the replacement of the UN with a “Third World Organisation” See Bertrand Maurice Worner Daniel (eds.), A New Charter for a World Wide Organisation, The Hague, 1996.

Vedantam Shabhavi , United Nations: Putting Words to work, Vikas, New Delhi, 1996.

Secretary General Boutros — Boutros Ghali launched the first round of reform at the beginning of his term in 1992.

Bilgrami S.J.R. , n. 10, p.251.

In the run up to the UN's 50^th anniversary in 1995, Foundations and Government commissioned a number of major reform studies. Among others are the Ramphal/Carlsson Report (Our Global Neighbourhood), the Qureshi Weizsacker Report (The United Nations in its Second Half Century: A Report of the Independent working Group on the Future of the United Nations), the South Centre Report (For a Strong and Democratic United Nations: A South Perspetive on UN Reform)..

The Commission on Global Governance was established in 1992 in belief that the international developments had created a unique opportunity for strengthening global cooperation.

US views on Reform Measures Necessary for Strengthening the United Nations System, Feb. 1999 and Preparing the United Nations for its Second Fifty Years, April 1996.

Documents “Track I” (A/51/829) of March 17, 1997 and “Track II (A/51/950) of July 16, 1997.

Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform — Secretary General's Report of July 14, 1997.

We the people defined the agenda of the Millennium Summit which was to be held in New York from September 6 to 8, 2000. The Secretary General listed six shared values of particular reference to the new century: Freedom, Equity and Solidarity, Tolerance, Non-violence, Respect of Nature, and Shared Responsibility.

A/res/55/2 — The Declaration emphasised that, “the central challenge that we face today is to ensure that globalisation becomes a positive force for all the world people”. It highlighted the idea of protecting the vulnerable.

Renewing the United Nations — Part I.

Track II (A/51/950).

Renewing the United Nations, n.47.

Divergence of views regarding reforms exists at various levels-while the NGOs want more democratic UN, technocrats demand more productivity and efficiency from staff, member states favour reform that conforms to national interest and national power, the idealists wish to see an expanded UN and the conservatives favour a downsized UN.

Bilgrami S.J.R. , n.10, pp.260–261.

Novosseloff Alexandra , n.20, p.953–956.

Bilgrami S.J.R. , n.10, pp 260–261.

On reformatory suggestions see: Boutros — Boutros Ghali, Agenda for Peace 1992, Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System, 1994, Carlsson and Ramphal, Our Global Neighbourhood, N. Krishnan, A Reformed UN for a Better World, paper read at a Seminar Organised by the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi, August 22, 1995.

On Security Council reform See Rajan M. S. , “The United Nations since the end of the Cold War”, in Rajan M. S. (ed.) United Nations at 50 and Beyond, Lancer Books, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 18–20.

The operation of globalisation is largely unaccountable, unregulated, uncontrolled and regressive. It is selective in its benefits and is bypassing many poor countries. The states are more vulnerable to shocks as is evidenced from the economic crisis in Indonesia and Argentina.

The Commission on Global Governance recommended a 23 Member Economic Security Council. Independent Group on the Future of the United Nations (Yale University) recommended the creation of two bodies — Economic Council and Security Council, each with 23 members.

Carlsson/Ramphal Report and Secretary General's Report of July 14, 1997 made similar observations.

Novoseeloff Alexandra , n.20, pp 957–958.

Srivastava H.K. , “Principles of War and Principles of Peacekeeping: A Solider's Paradox”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVII, No. 8, November 1994, pp. 1039–1052. Arun Kumar Banerji, “Fifty years of UN Peacekeeping: Overstretch, Retrenchment and Reassessment”, India Quarterly, Vol. VIII, No.1 and 2, Jan-June 1997, pp.115–134.

The Secretary General on March 7, 2000 convened a panel on United Nations Peace Operation to assess the shortcomings of the system and make recommendation for changes. The panel comprising M. Lakhdar Brahimi (Chairman) and nine members presented its report on August 17, 2000, defining twenty priorities.

For financial problems see Secretary General's Annual Report for 1993–94, Building Peace and Development, New York, 1994, pp. 35–37.

View from the South — South Centre Report.

Track I (A/51/829) of March 17, 1997.