The Power of Emotional Engagement: Tamil Television Serials as a Trail to Enhance Well-being and Successful Ageing among Older Adults

Abstract

Tamil television serials have the potential to elicit a wide variety of emotions in viewers. Emotional control and expression change as individuals age, and this change is interrelated in various ways. Positive or negative emotions, when put into practice by regulating the emotions associated with health, can result in an increase or decrease in lifespan during successful ageing. This study explores the relationship between emotional well-being and prosperous ageing in Tamil television serials among older adults. An exploratory method was adopted to understand the connection between Tamil television serials and emotional well-being for successful ageing in Tamil Nadu (a southern state of India). Fourteen older adults over 50 who watch Tamil television mega-serials from Tamil Nadu were recruited for in-depth interviews. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis: emotional connection, life satisfaction, fortitude and ageism among older adults. The findings suggest that Tamil television serials provide emotional engagement, companionship and life satisfaction for older adults, contributing to successful ageing.

Keywords

Tamil television serials emotional engagement well-being successful ageing TV serials

Introduction

The world’s population is rapidly ageing. By 2050, the older people in Asia and the Pacific is expected to more than double, reaching 1.3 billion (that is, one-fourth of the total population) (Overview of Levels and Trends in Population Ageing, Including Emerging Issues, and Their Impact on Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific, 2022). It is estimated that 60% of the world’s population will be over 80 by 2050 (Ageing, 2022). Human life includes different stages of events, from birth to death. Each stage (age) has various requirements and expectations to fulfil its needs, which vary by individual and culture. Much like infancy, toddlerhood and adulthood, old age requires extra attention than others because of the natural ageing process and its effects on physical and mental health (Ageing and Health, 2022). The need to provide good health to elders from multiple sectors is scarce (Beard et al., 2016).

Considering the interest in studying ageing, it is viewed in a binary perspective, such as Platonic and Aristotelian thinking, over the history of human thought (Ballesteros, 2019). The study of ageing is important for two reasons: first, to understand the physical and mental problems of ageing and provide the necessary care, and second, to be prepared for the situation as we age. Ageing influences life at multiple levels, from family to society. Ageing studies need to be considered from a multidisciplinary approach. Examining ageing through a biomedical lens, which emphasises a clinical and disease management approach, is insufficient to understand the lifelong ageing process.

Various cohort and longitudinal studies conducted across the globe on ageing have commonly explored the physical, mental and social conditions over time. These studies help us understand the factors related to the ageing process and interventions to improve healthcare for older adults. Further, they have focused on the risk factors associated with age-related diseases and biological conditions (Dawber et al., 1951; Shock et al., 1984), social support and healthcare in retirement (Sonnega et al., 2014) and social determinants and successful ageing (Steptoe et al., 2013). The collective motivation of these studies is to understand the ageing process, interventions and the influence of social factors on healthy ageing.

The results of longitudinal studies by Baltimore (started in 1958) and James Birren and Hans Thommae (began in 1965) in the United States enabled researchers to examine the multidimensional concepts in studying ageing throughout its process. In this line of research, Rowe and Kahn (1987) distinguished between healthy ageing (not suffering diseases) and pathological ageing (older people with illnesses or disabilities), which advanced the gerontological approach in a newer perspective.

Moreover, it is crucial to study ageing bilaterally. On one side, we must consider that ageing is a natural process, and death is unavoidable. On the other hand, we must also consider successful, positive, healthy and active ageing as critical aspects from a psycho-social perspective. However, positive ageing has emerged from the Platonic philosophy, providing a new paradigm. This paradigm shift has led to the development of a new discipline called positive gerontology, which has paved the way to address ageing towards social engagement (Johnson & Mutchler, 2014).

‘Positive ageing’ is the process that facilitates the well-being of elders by fostering functional ability among them (Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability, 2022). Ballesteros (2019) has analysed the definitions for ageing well (successful, active, healthy and productive) given by various authors and classified them under four domains: health and functionality, physical and cognitive functioning, positive affect and control and participation and engagement, respectively. Hence, research on the effects of media content on ageing is essential because it can help us understand how media can promote positive ageing and develop interventions to help older adults age successfully.

Successful Ageing

Considering the research studies and dozens of definitions for ‘successful ageing’ given by various scholars and organisations across the globe, the concept needs to be explored further from a multidimensional and multicultural perspective. In India, as early as 3000–1500 bc, ageing has been examined in the Indian medical system as a way to prevent diseases and their effects. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards population studies and social characteristics of ageing (Ashok & Ali, 2003).

Examining ageing from the biomedical field alone is insufficient to face the challenges of rapidly ageing populations in India. Collaborative research is suggested to initiate ageing studies from a multidisciplinary perspective (Chawla, 2019; Takahashi & Odera, 2020). This interdisciplinary approach invites many disciplines to address complex ageing-related issues and enables researchers across expertise to work closely and develop novel strategies (Takahashi & Odera, 2020). As stated by Riley (1978), lifespan and its process give rise to development and change on physical, psychological and social levels. While studying age, it is difficult to disconnect the bio-psycho-social-environmental relation, which plays a significant role across life (Baars, 2010). India is on the cusp of rapid development in terms of economy, research and ageing. However, it is still a developing nation with diverse cultures and has the potential to provide a healthy life for its citizens. To further determine the conditions for successful ageing through behavioural, psychological and psycho-social components, Fernández-Ballesteros (2008) identified the outcomes, predictors and their proportional levels for successful ageing. These include lifestyle, activity, life satisfaction, socioemotional selectivity, social productivity and optimising opportunities.

Regarding analysing the term ‘successful ageing’, psycho-social factors constitute three-fourths of successful ageing outcomes, along with the biomedical factor. Psycho-social factors aggregate 62%, and biomedical factors aggregate 38% of the determinants for successful ageing (Fernández-Ballesteros et al., 2019). Indeed, biological, psychological and psycho-social factors can be integrated and complemented by communication patterns and behaviours (Fernández-Ballesteros et al., 2019). The present study examines the relationship between emotional well-being and prosperous ageing in Tamil television serials among older adults. The following social gerontological theories guide the study:

Social gerontological theories offer many ways to study successful ageing from a communication-centred approach, especially among elders (Giles et al., 2021). Disengagement theory states that communication weakens when older adults disengage from society and social relationships (Cumming & Henry, 1961). On the other hand, activity and continuity theories suggest that older adults engaged in social activities (hobbies and responsibilities) live longer and provide internal stability and sustained life through their values (Diggs, 2008; Silverstein et al., 2008). Identity balance theory emphasises the need for people to adapt to the changes and challenges of the contemporary world (Sneed & Whitbourne, 2003). Selective optimisation with compensation theory stresses the commitment of individuals to strive to be their ideal selves. It provides adaptive strategies in the demanding world by optimising their interests and compensation strategies for well-being in later life (Baltes & Baltes, 1990). Likewise, socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that time plays a significant role in prioritising goals and activities as we age. The activities that older adults engage in socially and productively are associated with their well-being (Carstensen et al., 2003). The prevalence of these activities among older people improves physical health and lessens the risk of depression (Herzog et al., 1998). Accordingly, the theory proposes that older adults focus on present and pleasurable relationships instead of plans because their lifespan is limited.

These social gerontological theories offer functional perspectives to the communication-centric approach to studying ageing within the communication discipline (Giles et al., 2021). Their goals are social and emotional, and older adults tend to believe that these goals will improve their well-being by helping them connect with new people and improve their social relationships by regulating their emotions. Socioemotional regulation is a defensive mechanism against sensitive and stressful situations that may influence longevity (Redelmeier & Singh, 2001).

As the elderly population increases in a country’s general population, the country’s people are likely to view ageing as a problem. Successful ageing is determined by lifestyle activities, social connections, active life engagement and biological factors (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Indeed, successful ageing can be seen as a multidimensional construct with independent components that are interrelated to a certain degree. Active life engagement plays a significant role (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Most studies suggest that successful ageing is the condition of being free from disease or disability, considering certain psycho-social variables (Depp & Jeste, 2006).

Life engagement is actively engaging in various aspects of life through activities that help find meaning, purpose and satisfaction. This can contribute to developing well-being, life satisfaction and attaining one’s life goals. Individuals’ psycho-social-emotional well-being can be improved by participating in life engagement activities. For example, the affective condition is relevant for successful ageing (Paul, 2019). An individual’s health and psychological well-being are supported by regulating physiological, emotional and motivational levels (Salovey et al., 2000). Positive emotions are protective of health (Kubzansky & Boehm, 2016). Regulating the emotions associated with health can put positive or negative feelings into practice. This can result in either an increase or decrease in lifespan over successful ageing.

Given these insights from the above studies regarding successful ageing, it can be defined as a multidimensional concept that encompasses a variety of factors, including physical health, psychological well-being, social engagement and active life participation. The present study explores older adults’ successful ageing phenomena by actively engaging in meaningful activities, maintaining good physical and mental health, fostering social connections and finding satisfaction and purpose in life through what television serials do in their ageing process.

Media, Emotions and Successful Ageing

Studying how individuals engage with media and its content for emotional reasons is complex due to its multifaceted nature. However, scholars have explored the influences of media such as radio, film and television on various aspects of emotion. During the 1930s, scholars such as Allport, Cantril and Herzog extended their research beyond studying the reach and popularity of radio to study the radio’s impact on emotional gratifications, as well as other aspects of emotion, such as the mental setup of radio listening and its influence on cognitive and social life (Cantril & Allport, 1935).

A notable study by Arnheim (1944) found that the success of radio programs depends on the listener’s emotional connection with the radio soap opera characters. Many listeners mentioned the mood and emotion rather than the structure of the music. Emotional reactions can be effectively triggered and affected by the emotional characteristics of music (Gabrielsson & Lindström, 2001). A study by Schoen and Gatewood (1927) reported that music most of the time uplifts mood, and indeed, music can potentially affect and change individuals’ attitudes (Wirth & Schramm, 2005).

Film is another medium through which emotional effects can be triggered and attained (Gross & Levenson, 1995). The narrative format of the film significantly determines the emotional impact (Bal & Van, 2009), indicating the corresponding connection between film theory and psychology (Bordwell, 2013). Various emotions are involved in the emotional reception experience during film watching (Plantinga & Smith, 1999). The narrative structure, music, visuals, personal relevance, pace of editing, cinematography and the film elements mentioned above have a distinctive ability to associate with emotions in diverse ways. Films aid in regulating emotions by emotional understanding and empathy (Riva et al., 2013).

Regarding media reception, the overall experience of the media—program characteristics, genre, peer audience—results in appraising the emotions produced by oneself. In addition to the ordinary emotional types of emotion induction, emotional contagion and empathy, as experienced during usual encounters with persons and situations (Wirth & Schramm, 2005), television is used to take over distressed moods and to bar fearful thoughts that people experience (Reinecke, 2017).

In the study ‘Media and Emotions’, Wirth and Schramm (2005) explored various aspects of emotional experiences and their relationship with media consumption. The authors examined the processes involved in media reception and emotional reactions and especially highlighted the role of media content in eliciting emotional responses among its audiences. They addressed the positive and negative effects of media on emotions. Given the challenges in measuring emotions in media research, they also discussed the emotional contagion concept of media and its implications for individuals and society.

Control and expression of emotions change as individuals age, and this is interconnected in various ways. Changes in social connections, retirement and health affect older adults’ feelings. Similarly, emotional well-being can be proven to influence the overall quality of life and successful ageing. Positive emotions like happiness favour age, rather than negative emotions like sadness, which slightly decrease (Charles et al., 2001). Age, social context and other related factors influence the emotional well-being of older adults. Relatively older adults experience emotions more positively than younger adults because of their bias towards remembering capacity to focus on positive emotional experiences (Mather & Carstensen, 2005), supporting the positivity effect. Social interactions play a significant role in the emotional well-being of older adults (Carstensen et al., 2000).

Television Serials and Emotions

Television serials can elicit various emotions among viewers (Li, 2011; Murry & Dacin, 1996; Niemeyer & Wentz, 2014). The range of emotions may vary depending on the viewer’s experience and preference through the various elements of television serials, namely plots, characters, relationships and themes (Bae et al., 2014; Brooks et al., 2022; Dill-Shackleford et al., 2016; Douglas & Hargadon, 2000; Fahlenbrach & Flückiger, 2014; Flayelle et al., 2020; Navami & Thomas, 2022; Perks, 2014; Ursu et al., 2008). These elements create an immersive emotional experience and evoke subjective emotions that depend on the audience’s emotional makeup. The viewers’ emotional response is driven by the reasons for watching, such as leisure activity, entertainment, seeking information or diverting from any situation (Rubin, 1984), which can be distinguished as ritualised and instrumental viewing.

The study clearly shows that television viewing serves both the emotional and cognitive needs of the viewers. The type of television shows and content is associated with the viewers’ anxiety levels (Knobloch & Zillmann, 2002) and emotional gratifications that positively impact their emotional range (Oliver & Bartsch, 2011). Television serials, in particular, influence their interactions with others (Raney, 2006). The way television serials portray ageing influences older viewers’ self-perception, attitudes (Nimrod, 2010), and hidden prejudices and stereotypes based on age (Levy & Banaji, 2002).

Studies have examined the relationship between emotional well-being and TV viewing in older adults, especially by prioritising meaningful experiences. Television serials elicit emotions and provide social connections within their perceived lifespan (Carstensen et al., 1999). They also alleviate loneliness (Fingerman et al., 2022) and improve cognitive, physical and demographic characteristics (Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2002). However, studies of Indian television serials, especially mega-serials, focusing on older adults and ageing have been overlooked. This study examines the relationship between emotional well-being and prosperous ageing in Tamil television serials among older adults, which has not been the focus of previous research on Indian television mega-serials. Tamil television serials have the potential to play a significant role in the successful ageing of older adults. They can elicit emotions, provide a social connection, reduce loneliness, promote cognitive and social engagement and influence attitudes towards ageing. However, studies of Indian television serials, especially mega-serials, focusing on older adults and ageing have been overlooked. This study aims to fill this research gap by examining the relationship between Tamil television serials and successful ageing among older adults. The findings of this study will have implications for developing interventions that use Tamil television serials to promote successful ageing in older adults.

Methodology

Given the dearth of previous studies on Tamil television serials, successful ageing and emotional well-being among older adults, a qualitative approach was adopted to gain insight into the particular issue (television serials and emotional well-being for successful ageing) stated in the setting (Tamil Nadu). Potential respondents for in-depth interviews were identified through purposive sampling; they were informed about the study’s purpose, and their informed consent was taken. Older adults above the age of 50 years who watch Tamil television mega-serials were selected. Interview questions focused on the respondents’ opinions on how Tamil television serials are connected to their emotional well-being and life satisfaction, as they may extend to ageing-related issues. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 participants, comprising 3 males and 11 females. Semi-structured, open-ended questions guided the interviews, and the conversation was probed for further discussion. Interview questions were asked in Tamil, and the responses were recorded with the participants’ permission. The recordings were then transcribed for analysis. The authors familiarised themselves with the in-depth interview data by reading the transcripts and labelling them for further coding. Codes were organised and synthesised to emerge themes from the data. Thematic analysis was performed to identify the common themes underlying the data using Braun and Clarkes’ (2006) six-phase analytical process prescribed thematic analysis judiciously. The initial codes and sub-themes were generated by familiarising the data through careful reading and rereading in-depth interview data collected from the participants. Further, the themes identified were reviewed and named after ensuring they were coherent and concise.

Discussion

Analysis of the interview data from the participants revealed three core themes. The first theme focuses on viewers’ emotional engagement and life fulfilment with Tamil television mega-serials, exploring their immersion and emotional connections to these shows. This includes comparing real and real life and the life satisfaction of older adults from watching television serials. It offers them a socially supportive environment through contrasting realities and life fulfilment portrayed in these shows. The second theme emerged from the communicating perspectives of hope and resilience. This includes older adults’ selective optimisation for the serials, which creates interest, expectation and relaxation in their lives. The third thematic notion focuses on the perceived ageism and age stereotypes. This includes the prevalence of ageism, stereotyping, and how it connects to their loneliness and older adults’ perceived limitations due to age.

Emotional engagement with television serials can help older adults feel positively connected to others and themselves on the screen. This motivates them to lead a fulfilled life with hope and inspiration. In this process, the hope and resilience communicated in the television serials help them to cope with the challenges of ageing and remain hopeful, which leads to successful ageing. However, perceived ageism from the ageism and stereotypes portrayed in television series negatively impacts the mental and physical health of older adults. For example, feeling discriminated against or stereotyped by ageism and stereotypes acted in television serials can put them under stress and make them less likely to engage in other activities in their daily lives. By understanding these themes, television serials have the potential to cultivate a more favourable environment for older adults and promote successful ageing. Television serials can play a crucial role in fostering successful ageing among older adults by promoting physical health, mental health and social engagement.

Emotional Engagement and Life Fulfilment in Television Serials

Interestingly, older adults unknowingly experience subtle emotional engagement while watching television serials. The contrast between reality and the screen also emerged as a theme. These notions seem paradoxical in the sense of subjective experience with television, but they result in the sole purpose of life fulfilment.

The emotional connection between older adults and television serials happens because most live alone. Emotional engagement with television serials is subjective to personal experience and may vary depending on the narratives (Dill-Shackleford et al., 2016; Perks, 2014). The engaging experience can happen consciously or unconsciously by the viewers and sometimes lead them to avoid real problems. Well-being can be enhanced by the emotions induced by the television serial content because of its immersive characteristics (Hofer & Eden, 2020). When older adults are seriously engrossed in television serials and feel for the characters on the screen (Bae et al., 2014; Brooks et al., 2022; Navami & Thomas, 2022), emotional contagion consistently takes place, which is a sign of successful ageing (Paul, 2019).

When something tragic happens in the serials, or something unexpected happens, I unconsciously scold the characters. My mood and emotions change as per the respective characters.

Moreover, loneliness in older adults significantly elicits emotions while watching television serials (Carstensen et al., 1999; Fingerman et al., 2022). Additionally, engaging in activities like watching television can reduce depression (Gautam et al., 2007) and cognitive impairment (Lin et al., 2022), increase life satisfaction, improve mental health and ensure successful ageing (Horgas et al., 1998). The immersive power of television serials through emotional engagement and connection provides older adults a satisfying life and well-being, which could extend successful ageing. The potential elements of television, such as its narrative style and characters, create an immersive state where viewers can forget the real world and have a positive influence on emotional well-being (Hammond et al., 2023; McTernan et al., 2023). Whether knowingly or unknowingly, engaging with television serials can help people forget their real-life problems and escape from their worries. When watching negative characters on screen, emotions can sometimes run high, even scolding them. This indicates the emotional connection and significance between older adults and television serials.

When I watch serials without feeling isolated because there is no one to share my opinions with.… If any negative scenes are shown, I would unknowingly scold/criticise those negative characters.

Sometimes, emotional captivation and contagion occur while watching television serials. This is subjective to the viewers and depends on their family conditions (viz. whether older adults live alone or with other family members). In most cases, the induced emotions are for older adults who live alone and cannot control their emotions while watching serials, even though they forget their worries.

While watching TV serials, I forget myself, and sometimes I do not even notice the people watching dramas with me; even if they try to ask me something, I sometimes scold them without controlling my emotions.

Consciously, older adults see television serials as reflections of their lives. They often compare themselves to the characters to assess whether they have fulfilled their life’s purpose. Certain events in the serials, such as personal situations, can evoke a nostalgic appeal in older adults and remind them of their life experiences. Some older adults may establish a connection with the characters and stories in television serials. They relate these stories to their own real-life experiences, problems and emotions that are reflected in the portrayal of these characters. By comparing the decisions made by the serial characters that align with their life situations, older adults can reflect on their life choices and make thoughtful judgments.

The storylines depicting family relationships resonate with the complexities of older adults’ lives. This makes the serials more relatable and engaging to them, as they feel their problems are shared.

There will be problems between husband and wife. My wife and I had a problem. I fixed it after watching that serial.… It depicts the main character’s progress. It seems we can improve the problems too.

I felt it was presented from a different angle. It gives hope that it will pass.

Moreover, television serials enable older adults to understand the difference between the real and real worlds of television serials. They can view the life fulfilment portrayed in the television serials as aspirational. The contrasting realities help them to think one step ahead and keep them mentally active in different situations, especially when watching serials and facing real-life issues. This ability supports them in leading a satisfying life, along with familial support and the relationships derived from the real world. As a result, they can successfully navigate their real life.

I watch serials to forget the problems.… Anyone out there (in the serials) is as upset as me. So this is what life is like, and I console myself by watching it.… It is comforting by reducing mental pain.

This theme suggests that emotional engagement and connection while watching television serials can help improve life satisfaction and well-being. Moods and emotions can fluctuate according to the story presentation and the characters’ actions, sometimes unconsciously, leading to viewers scolding the characters when unpleasant incidents occur. Older adults find comfort in watching television serials because it makes them feel less isolated, even if they have no one with whom to share their opinions or views. Sometimes, due to uncontrolled emotions, older adults may not respond to others watching the serials with them while watching television serials.

It is worth considering that the older generation may find that television serials offer a substitute for family relationships, satisfying their expectations by problem-solving. Television serials have become the best companions for older adults, helping them achieve life fulfilment and live stress-free lives. Overall, emotional engagement, well-being, companionship and life satisfaction are all important factors contributing to successful ageing, and television serials may aid these, especially among older adults.

Communicating Hope and Resilience

Selective viewing of television series proves that older adults are very particular and choosy about what they want to watch. The optimisation technique is admirable; older adults even optimise the messages presented in television series to decide whether to accept or reject them. This selectivity towards specific series can lead to addiction. Older adults prioritise television series over other activities when it comes to entertainment. For elderly individuals, passing the time in their daily routine is complex, and watching television series helps them with this. Prioritising them becomes an inevitable lifestyle activity.

Most television serials are entertaining, so I spend much time on them and even put off work to watch them serials.… I also like to watch serials between 6:00 PM and 9:00 PM. Even during commercial breaks, I watch without changing channels.

I will take only important things from the serials. Do not take unnecessary things.

In a media-rich environment, with myriad television channels showing diverse programs available to the audience, an interesting question arises: How are specific television series selectively exposed to older adults? The concept of ‘selective exposure’ has been applied to entertainment programs only after studying the relationship between children’s exposure to television and television violence. It was found that heavy television watching influenced aggressive behaviour among children (Atkin et al., 1979). Television viewers report watching television to reduce stress and stimulate excitement to satisfy their daily routines. The two conditions, ‘television the unwinder’ and ‘television the exciter’, may seem convoluted, but in reality, they serve both states to viewers at different times (Zillmann et al., 1982). Bored subjects watched exciting television programs, while stressed subjects watched both stimulating and relaxing programs (Bryant & Zillmann, 1984).

[B]ecause it (television serials) ends as to be continued.… Serials instil in the mind the tension of what will happen tomorrow. Sometimes, we imagine something happening in a story like this, but sometimes there are twists in it instead. It will significantly stimulate the interest of watching the serials.

We have to come up as shown in the serials. Be patient to win.

The selective programs (television serials) chosen by older adults for their reasons (such as incidents similar to their life experiences, characters resembling people in their surroundings, and their familial environment) create an interest that captivates them towards the specific series they follow. This connection also gives them hope, a sense of vitality, and a link to the real world, which is believed to enhance their lives. While selective exposure to entertainment and engaging in activities that pass the time can contribute to well-being and potentially promote longevity, the curiosity and expectation caused by television series among older adults can positively affect well-being and life fulfilment, which likely pave the way for successful ageing. Television series containing the following elements: curiosity, interest, expectation and anticipation collectively contribute to well-being, ultimately promoting successful ageing.

Fictional storylines in television serials enable older adults to shift from their real-time problems temporarily. Most older people perceive television series as a source of entertainment and enjoyment that serves as a platform for stress relief and facing the challenges in their everyday lives. The relationships older adults develop with the characters shown in serials offer companionship in their life journey, and many television serials provide a cathartic experience that allows them to free themselves from the stress associated with their real lives. Moreover, television serials enable older adults to provide temporary relief and mental refreshment.

The bravely portrayed characters, with their strong attitude and actions during challenging situations in television series, evoke feelings of affection and motivation to influence the viewers and serve as role models positively. This can enhance confidence and help them recover from difficulties in their everyday lives. This, in turn, gives them positive energy and develops resilience in their difficult situations.

Even if our home is difficult, we will come against it. If we were only thinking about hardship, how can we overcome it? Positive thoughts come when watching television serials. I see how the characters overcome that difficulty and come out from it.

Serials help older adults relax from the stress of real-time problems. The bravely portrayed characters inspire the viewers, giving them courage and positive energy to conquer life’s challenges. Most characters are shown patiently overcoming difficult situations, instilling a positive feeling in viewers reminding them that their worries may not be as significant.

While watching the television serials, I will see how the actors face hardships and how they cope with them. Like this, I also have to overcome.… In every series, good and soft characters are shown. I see the patience. We, too, should be gentle and patient like that.

In every series, no matter how much the problem is, you have to overcome it, and that should come with patience.

Characters are depicted as progressing through numerous hurdles while maintaining patience, instilling confidence in older adults to solve their problems. Television serials make it possible to manage stress and experience relaxation while watching, as well as a change in thoughts and mindset that allows viewers to forget their worries. Watching television serials aids older adults in recovering more quickly from the difficulties or problems they face than doing other activities.

Television serials’ positive and inspirational narratives give viewers a positive feeling and belittle the real worries they face. Patiently overcoming difficult situations by the characters in television serials motivates viewers to approach life with a positive attitude. This shift in approaching life positively ensures resonant coping strategies that result in a satisfying life and successful ageing.

Perceived Ageism and Age Stereotyping

Ageing is a process of getting older, accompanied by misconceptions and stereotypes about older adults, which is termed ageism (Butler, 1969). Elders are often considered incapable due to the intergenerational gap and are excluded from many activities. They are mostly stereotyped as ‘warm’ and ‘incompetent’ (Fiske et al., 2007). Stereotyping and stigmatisation of older adults are more prevalent than is often reported (van den Heuvel, 2012). Butler saw ageism as a significant problem, as serious as racism and sexism. Unfortunately, this isolation can lead to distress, discrimination and disengagement from the real world (Nelson, 2005).

Positive and negative stereotypes can influence cognitive outcomes, and harmful stereotypes can interact with the positive aspects of ageing (Bennett & Gaines, 2010). Older adults are negatively stereotyped and disparaged because of perceived limitations in their ability to perform everyday activities, especially as they approach the end of life (Levy et al., 2000). According to Fiske et al. (2007) and Gerbner et al. (1980), the media often portrays stereotypical characters and categorises older adults as either ‘warm and incompetent’ or ‘distorted and negative’.

I am worried because everyone in my family lives in different places now. It reminds me of my disability.

I watch television serials for stress relief, but the problems the characters face make me more anxious and stressed.

Feeling lonely, hopeless and depressed can negatively reflect older adults as despondent. The media deeply ingrained these beliefs in their minds (Giles et al., 2021). The media plays a vital role in stereotyping age groups, and older adults are no exception. The media’s stereotypical depiction of older adults will likely be recalled in the real world (Pullen, 2021). Oró-Piqueras (2014) examined the challenging stereotype character portrayed in the television series.

Self-stereotyping is prevalent among older adults, who may feel incapable of working or going out because of their age. The resulting loneliness from their typical familial environment leads them to engage in television serials. As a result, television becomes the only option for them, connecting their incapability and loneliness. Additionally, television provides companionship, alleviating their loneliness and giving them a sense of not being aged.

Older characters are shown to be brave, and when I see that, I feel like I want to be bold, too.

Older adults isolated from social connections and experiencing loneliness are at risk for serious health problems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). They are more likely to be depressed (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2020). A report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on ‘Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System’ found that the social gap among older adults needs to be balanced by supportive social relationships (Donovan & Blazer, 2020).

Living environments that support the well-being of older adults and offer them balanced, socially supportive environments characterise life satisfaction. Social interactions play a significant role in the lives of older adults and positively influence their well-being (Blanchflower & Oswald, 2008). As a responsible agent in shaping society towards an inclusive environment, the media should address ageism and age stereotyping. In particular, television targeting older adults should ensure they break free from isolation and have an inclusive future.

Conclusion

Ageing is often accompanied by misconceptions and stereotypes, collectively known as ageism. Due to an intergenerational gap, older adults are often seen as incapable and excluded from various activities. They are frequently labelled as ‘warm’ and ‘incompetent’, contributing to their isolation and distress. Ageism, like racism and sexism, is a significant problem that can lead to discrimination and disengagement from the real world. Negative stereotypes, prevalent in both media portrayals and societal perceptions, can impact cognitive outcomes and limit older adults’ abilities. These stereotypes, perpetuated by the media, can lead to loneliness, hopelessness and depression among older adults, as well as self-stereotyping and a sense of incapability.

Social isolation and loneliness pose significant health risks for older adults and are associated with increased depression. It is important to address the social gap among older adults through supportive and balanced social relationships in their current living environment. Social interactions are vital to older adults’ well-being and life satisfaction. Television serials can significantly impact older adults, providing them with subtle emotional engagement and creating connections between the screen and their reality. Despite the paradoxical nature of subjective experiences with television, the emotional connection contributes to the overall purpose of life fulfilment.

Older adults often experience emotional engagement, consciously or unconsciously, while watching television serials. This can lead to a temporary escape from real problems and induce emotional responses such as scolding or criticising characters. Loneliness plays a significant role in eliciting emotions during television serial viewing, and engagement in such activities can reduce depression and cognitive impairment and enhance satisfaction in life, mental health and successful ageing. The immersive power of television serials, facilitated by narrative styles and relatable characters, offers emotional well-being and the ability to forget real-world worries. Older adults compare their lives with the characters, reflecting on their life choices and finding comfort and hope in the portrayal of family relationships. Television serials also contrast the reel and real worlds, allowing older adults to understand the difference and navigate their lives with greater satisfaction and acceptance.

Emotional engagement, companionship and life satisfaction achieved through television serials contribute to successful ageing, making them an essential aspect of the lives of older adults. Older adults exhibit selective watching habits regarding television serials, carefully choosing what they want to watch and enhancing their viewing experience. Television serials serve as a means of passing time and entertainment, providing a break from daily routines and offering companionship and connection to the real world. Television serials’ curiosity, interest, expectation and anticipation contribute to well-being and life fulfilment, potentially promoting successful ageing.

These serials allow older adults to temporarily escape their problems, find stress relief and face challenges indirectly through fictional storylines and characters. The bravely portrayed characters in magazines serve as role models, inspiring viewers and instilling confidence in their ability to overcome difficulties in their own lives. Watching television serials helps older adults relax, manage stress and recover quickly from real-life problems, fostering a positive mindset and resilient coping strategies. Ultimately, television serials’ positive and inspirational narratives create a positive atmosphere, diminish the significance of real worries, and promote a satisfying life and successful ageing.

In conclusion, Tamil television serials play a significant role in engaging older adults emotionally, infusing hope, and acting as a source of resilience, contributing to their successful ageing. Older adults often experience emotional engagement with Tamil television serials, consciously and unconsciously. They may laugh, cry, or even scold the characters on screen. This engagement can lead to a temporary escape from real-world problems and provide a sense of comfort and connection. Tamil television serials also play a role in instilling hope and optimism in older adults. The portrayal of prosperous and resilient characters can inspire older adults to overcome their challenges and live fulfilling lives.

Additionally, the depiction of strong family relationships and community bonds can provide older adults with a sense of belonging and support. Finally, Tamil television serials can serve as a source of resilience for older adults. By watching these serials, older adults can learn new coping strategies, develop positive mindsets, and better understand ageing. This can help them navigate old-age challenges more confidently and efficiently.

However, it is essential to acknowledge that the presence of perceived ageism and stereotypes in television serials can also influence the experiences of older adults. For example, Tamil television serials often portray older adults as frail, dependent, and out of touch with the modern world. These stereotypes can reinforce negative perceptions of older adults and contribute to their social isolation. Additionally, the lack of positive representations of older adults in Tamil television serials can lead to feelings of invisibility and self-doubt among older adults. It is essential to raise awareness of these issues and to encourage the creation of more inclusive and respectful portrayals of older adults in Tamil television serials. By doing so, we can help to create a more positive and supportive environment for older adults.

Overall, Tamil television serials play a complex and multifaceted role in the lives of older adults. On the one hand, they can provide comfort, entertainment and resilience. On the other hand, they can also perpetuate negative stereotypes and contribute to the social isolation of older adults. It is essential to be aware of Tamil television serials’ positive and negative aspects to support older adults in their successful ageing journey.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Boobalakrishnan Natrayan

About the Author

Boobalakrishnan Natrayan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Media and Communication, School of Communication, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India. His area of research includes gerontechnology, socio-cultural communication and children and parental communication.

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