Australia has been a significant provider of international education in the Asia-Pacific region since 1950 with the inception of the Colombo Plan. Thus, graduates from these early days would by now be mature professionals in a variety of fields, with several decades of professional and academic attainment enabled by their Australian education. Yet we actually know very little about the outcomes over time of the graduates of Australian international higher education. In this article, the authors review the scholarly literature on the outcomes of international education, education provided by Australian universities and by others, and critically consider some of the limitations of the data and the methodologies that have dominated this area of research. Finally, in an effort to put current debates on international education on a more informed basis, the authors outline a prospectus for future research to redress some of these shortcomings.
Adams, D.K. (2002). Education and national development: Priorities, policies, and planning. Hong Kong: Asian Development Bank and University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre.
2.
Altbach, P.G. (1998). Comparative higher education: Knowledge, the university, and development. Hong Kong: ComparativeEducation Research Centre.
3.
Altbach, P.G. (2000, May-August). Why higher education is not a global commodity. Association of African Universities (AAU) Newsletter , 7(2), 5-6.
4.
Asian Development Bank. (2001). Education and national development in Asia: Trends, issues, policies, and strategies. Manila, Philippines: Author.
5.
Auletta, A. (2000). A retrospective view of the Colombo Plan: Government policy, departmental administration and overseas students. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 22(1), 47-59.
6.
AusAID. (1999a). Snapshot of training-March 1999. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.ausaid.gov.au/about/stats/pdfs/snapshot399.pdf
7.
AusAID. (1999b). Snapshot of training-September 1999. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.ausaid.gov.au/about/stats/pdfs/snapshot999.pdf
8.
AusAID. (2000). Snapshot of training-As of 31 March 2000. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.ausaid.gov.au/about/stats/pdfs/snapshot300.pdf
9.
AusAID. (2001). Snapshot of training-As of 31 March 2001. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.ausaid.gov.au/about/stats/pdfs/snapshot301.pdf
10.
AusAID. (2003). AusAID annual report 2002-2003. Retrieved October 13, 2005, from http://www.ausaid.gov.au/anrep03/pdf/anrep02_03.pdf
11.
Australian Education International, Department of Education, Science and Training. (2006). International student enrolments in Australia-1994 to 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://aei.dest.gov.au/AEI/MIP/Statistics/StudentEnrolmentAndVisaStatistics/2006/2006_TimeSeriesGraph_pdf
12.
Australian Malaysia Cultural Foundation. ( 2001). The Colombo Plan for cooperative economic development in South and South East Asia 1951-2001: The Malaysian- Australian perspective . Canberra, Australia: Author.
13.
Australian National Audit Office. (1999). Management of the Australian development scholarship scheme. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.anao.gov.au/WebSite.nsf/Publications/4A256AE90015F69B4A2569000018BC60
14.
Back, K., Davis, D., & Olsen, A. (1996). Internationalisation of higher education: Goals and strategies. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
15.
Bigelow, J. (1998). Valuing humanities research. In Australian Academy of the Humanities (Eds.), Knowing ourselves and others: The humanities in Australia into the 21st Century: Vol. 3. Reflective essays (pp. 37-58). Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia.
16.
Bullen, E., Kenway, J., & Robb, S. (2004). Can the arts and humanities survive the knowledge economy? A beginner's guide to the issues. In J. Kenway, E. Bullen, & S. Robb (Eds.), Innovation and tradition: The arts, humanities and the knowledge economy (pp. 10-22). New York: Peter Lang.
17.
Cannon, R. (1999). International education and a professional edge for Indonesian graduates: The third place? In D. Davis & A. Olsen (Eds.), International education: The professional edge: A set of research papers presented at the 13th Australian International Education Conference, Fremantle 1999 (pp. 15-36). Deakin: IDP Education Australia.
18.
Cannon, R. (2000). The outcomes of an international education for Indonesian graduates: The third place? Higher Education Research and Development, 19(3), 357-379.
19.
Chur-Hansen, A. (2004). Returning home to work: Malaysian students who studied medicine overseas. Medical Teacher, 26(4), 343-348.
20.
Curtis, S., & Lu, W. (2004). The impact of western education on future Chinese Asian managers. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.cheshire.mmu.ac.uk/bms/home/research/pdf-doc/doc-07.pdf
21.
Daroesman, I.P., & Daroesman, R. (1992). Degrees of success: A tracer study of Australian government sponsored Indonesian fellowships 1970-1989. Canberra: Australian International Development Assistance Bureau and the International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP).
22.
Department of Education, Science and Training. ( 2006a). Australian scholarships. Retrieved March 14, 2007, from http://www.australianscholarships.gov.au
23.
Department of Education, Science and Training. ( 2006b). Endeavour awards. Retrieved March 14, 2007, from http://endeavour.dest.gov.au
24.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. ( 2005). Education without borders: International trade in education . Canberra: Australian Education International.
25.
Gairing, W. (2001). The role of a national agency. In D. Richardson (Ed.), International alumni relations (pp. 25-32). Amsterdam: European Association for International Education.
26.
Guthrie, G. (2002). Crumbs from the table: The impact of globalisation and internationalisation on the poverty of Third World universities. In P. Ninnes & L. Tamatea (Eds.), Internationalizing education in the Asia-Pacific region: Critical reflections, critical times (pp. 325-338). Armidale, Australia: University of New England, School of Education.
27.
Harman, G. (2005). Internationalisation of Australian higher education: A critical review of literature and research. In P. Ninnes & M. Hellstén (Eds.), Internationalising higher education: Critical explorations of pedagogy and practice (pp. 119-140). Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre.
28.
Harris, G.T., & Jarrett, F.G. (1990). Educating overseas students in Australia: Who benefits?Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
29.
Hodgkin, M.C. (1966). Australian training and Asian living. Perth: University of Western Australia Press.
30.
Hodgkin, M.C. (1972). The innovators: The role of foreign trained persons in Southeast Asia. Sydney, Australia: Sydney University Press.
31.
Jackson, R.G. (1984). Report of the committee to review the Australian overseas aid programme. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
32.
Keats, D.M. (1969). Back in Asia-A follow-up study of Australian-trained Asian students. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Economics Research School of Pacific Studies .
33.
Lewis, P. (1992). Singapore students in Australia: What's a degree worth?Murdoch, Australia: Murdoch University Economics Programme.
34.
Lim, C.-Y. (1983). Education and national development. SingaporeFederal Publications.
35.
Lowe, D., & Oakman, D. (Eds.). (2004). Australia and the Colombo Plan, 1949-1957 (Documents on Australian Foreign Policy). Canberra, Australia: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
36.
Maglen, L.R. (1990). Challenging the human capital orthodoxy: The education- productivity link re-examined [Electronic version]. Economic Record, 66(195), 281-294.
37.
Morris, P., & Sweeting, A. (Eds.). (1995). Education and development in East Asia. New York: Garland .
38.
Nerad, M., & Cerny, J. (1999). From rumours to facts: Career outcomes of English PhDs: Results from the PhDs ten years later study [Special issue]. Communicator, 32(7). Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.grad.washington.edu/envision/PDF/TenYearsLater.pdf
39.
Nilan, P. (2002). Impacts of aid scholarship-funded study in Australian universities: The case of Indonesia. In P. Ninnes & L. Tamatea (Eds.), Internationalizing education in the Asia-Pacific region: Critical reflections, critical times (pp. 423-437). Armidale, Australia: University of New England, School of Education.
40.
Nilan, P. (2005). The viability aid scholarship-funded study in Australia: The case of Indonesia. In P. Ninnes & M. Hellstén (Eds.), Internationalising higher education: Critical explorations of pedagogy and practice (pp. 159-180). Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre.
41.
Oakman, D. (2004). Facing Asia: A history of the Colombo Plan. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Book.
42.
Selvaratnam, V. (1993). Meeting the human resource needs of developing countries: The contribution of overseas education. In C. D. Goodwin (Ed.), International investment in human capital: Overseas education for development (pp. 63-77). New York: Institute of International Education.
43.
Shamsul Huq, M. (1965). Education and development strategy in South and South East Asia. Honolulu, HI: East-West Venter Press.
44.
Smart, D., & Ang, G. (1993). Exporting education: From aid to trade to internationalization ? IPA Review, 46(1), 31-33.
45.
Smart, D., & Ang, G. (1996). The internationalisation of Australian higher education. International Higher Education, 6, 4-5.
46.
Tapingkae, A. (Ed.). (1976). Higher education and economic growth in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development.
47.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society. ( 2000). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and promise . Washington, DC: World Bank.
48.
Trembath, R. (for the Australian Research Council and Graduate Careers Council of Australia). (1999). Career paths for PhD graduates: A scoping study. Canberra: Australian Research Council and Graduate Careers Council of Australia.
49.
United Nations Development Programme. (1997 ). Human development report 1997. New York : Oxford University Press.
50.
Vincent-Lancrin, J. (2004, October 11-12). Building capacity through cross-border tertiary education. Paper presented for the UNESCO/OECD Australia Forum on Trade in Educational Services, Bridging the Divide-Building Capacity for Post-Secondary Education Through Cross-Border Provision, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/33784331.pdf
51.
Visser, L. (2001). Utrecht University's international alumni programme . In D. Richardson (Ed.), International alumni relations (pp. 15-23). Amsterdam: European Association for International Education.
52.
Walters, P. (2005, December 12). Howard woos top Asian students. The Australian. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au
53.
Weisblat, A.M. (1993). Evaluation of overseas fellowship programs. In C. D. Goodwin (Ed.), International investment in human capital: Overseas education for development (pp. 179-188). New York: Institute of International Education.
54.
World Bank. (2002). Constructing knowledge societies: New challenges for tertiary education. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from http://www.1.worldbank.org/education/PDF/Constructing%20Knowledge%20Societies.pdf
55.
World Bank. (2004a). The Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program: A capacity building initiative for developing countries-2004 annual report. Retrieved August 3, 2005, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBISFP/Resources/551491-1101331203556/Japan_AR2005.pdf
56.
World Bank. (2004b). Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (JJ/WBGSP) Tracer Study VI. Retrieved October 5, 2005, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBISFP/Resources/551491-1108589837615/tracer_studies6.pdf
