Juries as Communities of Resistance

Chomsky Noam , Deterring Democracy, 1992, p.398.

See generally Zinn Howard , ‘Law and Justice’ in Zinn Howard , The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy, Seven Stories Press, 1997, pp.367–402.

Manning Clark quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, (1988) 154 Recorder 8, 8.

Justice Michael Kirby quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, above, ref 3, 8.

Fricke Graham L. , ‘The Eureka Trials’ (1997) 71 Australian Law Journal 59, 61.

Twain Mark quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, above, ref 3, 8.

‘Eureka Stockade: Its Place In Our History’ (1984) 131 Recorder 14, 14.

Lalor Peter , ‘Statement to the Colonists of Victoria’, Argus (Melbourne), 10 April 1855.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 61; Kercher Bruce , An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia, 1995, p.131.

Lalor , above, ref 8.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 61. There is an instructive contemporary parallel with the correlation between police promotions and infringement notices issued by officers.

Lalor , above, ref 8.

Raffaello Carboni , The Eureka Stockade, first published 1855, 2nd edition 1947, p.36.

Ross R. S. , Eureka: Freedom's Fight of '54, 1914, p.197.

Lalor , above, ref 8; Fricke , above, ref 5, 61; Kercher , above, ref 9, p.131. See also Twain Mark quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, above, ref 3, 8.

‘Hotham Declares Martial Law at Ballarat’, Argus (Melbourne), 5 December 1854; ‘130 Diggers Stand Trial’, Argus (Melbourne), 6 December 1854; Smith Russell , ‘The Eureka State Treason Trials: Thirteen Men, Goode and True’ [1980] Summons 16, 18.

Walshe R.O. , The Eureka Stockade 1854–1954, 1954, p.25.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 61; Smith , above, ref 16, 18.

Phillips Justice John H. , ‘The Eureka Advocates’ (Pt 1) (1990) 64 Australian Law Journal 211, 211. See also Molony John , Eureka, 1984, p.189.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 61.

Raffaello , above, ref 13, p.113.

Smith , above, ref 16, 18.

Frost's Case (1839) 173 ER 771 (Tindal CJ).

Phillips , above, ref 19, 211.

Michie Archibald (lead counsel for Read, Campbell, Molloy, Sorenson and Phelan) quoted in ‘Verdicts are Returned’, The Argus (Melbourne), 28 March 1855.

Trials State Victoria , 1855, R v Hayes, 55.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 62; Sharwood Robin L. , ‘The Local Courts on Victoria's Gold Fields, 1855 to 1857’ (1986) 15 Melbourne University Law Review 508, 509–10.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 62.

Forde John , The Story of the Bar of Victoria, 1910, p.139.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 62.

Phillips Justice John H. , ‘As Witty as Sheridan’ (1992) 16 Criminal Law Journal 55, 55.

Phillips , above, ref 31, 55–6.

Smith , above, ref 16, 20.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 65–6.

Ricke , above, ref 5, 66.

‘Trial Verdict Returned’, Age (Melbourne), 24 February 1855.

Editorial, Age (Melbourne), 24 February 1855.

‘Verdict Announced’, Argus (Melbourne), 24 February 1855; Fricke , above, ref 5, 66; Smith , above, ref 16, 20; ‘They Could Have Been Executed’ (1988) 154 Recorder 17, 17.

Editorial, Argus (Melbourne), 27 February 1855.

Manning John , ‘Original Correspondence’, Age (Melbourne), 27 February 1855.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 67; Smith , above, ref 16, 21.

Editorial, Age (Melbourne), 24 February 1855.

Editorial, Argus (Melbourne), 28 February 1855.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 67.

Editorial, Age (Melbourne), 20 March 1855.

Smith , above, ref 16, 24–5.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 68.

Smith , above, ref 16, 25; Serle Geoffrey , The Golden Age, 1963, p.175.

Editorial, Age (Melbourne), 22 March 1855.

Editorial, Melbourne Morning Herald (Melbourne), 28 March 1855.

Molony , above, ref 19, p.190.

Editorial, Age (Melbourne), 20 March 1855.

Smith , above, ref 16, 27.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.149; Smith , above, ref 16, 25.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 69. The system of jury trial was adopted in Victoria in 1851: Fricke , above, ref 5, 60.

Manning , above, ref 40.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.8.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.131.

Molony , above, ref 19, p.190.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.131.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.135.

Editorial, Ballarat Times (Ballarat), 28 October 1854.

Editorial, Ballarat Times (Ballarat), 28 October 1854.

Phillips , above, ref 19, 211; Phillips Justice John H. , ‘The Eureka Advocates’ (Pt 2) (1990) 64 Australian Law Journal 290, 290; Phillips Justice John H. , ‘The Eureka Advocates’ (Pt 3) (1990) 64 Australian Law Journal 311, 311.

Ross , above, ref 14, p.143.

Fricke , above, ref 5, 59.

Raffaello , above, ref 13, p.167.

‘The Approaching Trials — Capital Punishment’, The Argus (Melbourne), 12 January 1855.

Raffaello , above, ref 13, p.164.

Mildren John quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, above, ref 3, 9.

Serle , above, ref 48, p.171.

Lalor , above, ref 8.

Marx Karl quoted in ‘Eureka Means Different Things to Different People’, above, ref 3, 9.

Cheng v The Queen [2000] HCA 53 (5 October 2000), para 80 ( Gaudron J ), para 245 ( Kirby J ); Brown v The Queen (1986) 160 CLR 171, 197 ( Brennan J ); Li Chia Hsing v Rankin (1978) 141 CLR 182, 198 ( Murphy J ); Apprendi v New Jersey 68 USLW 4576, 4579 (2000) ( Stevens Scalia Souter Thomas and Ginsburg JJ ).

Quoted in Zinn , above, ref 2, p.402.

Bertrand Russell quoted in Chomsky , above, ref 1, p.398.