Fires doors are subjected to standard fire tests as a means of evaluating fire resistance. In this study, the thermal and mechanical response of steel double fire doors exposed to high temperatures was modeled using finite element software. The model included the necessary complexity of the product and test setup along with the temperature dependency of the constituent materials. For the thermal solution, a transient analysis was carried out while for the mechanical solution, it was found that a nonlinear steady state analysis was sufficient to capture the qualitative behavior of the fire doors seen during the test. The challenges of validating a numerical model with the limited data available from the standard fire test are described.
Iwankiw, N. ``Fire Resistance Design,'' Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, February 2007, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
2.
ASTM E119-07, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. West Conshohocken , PA USA, ASTM International, 2007 .
3.
Milke, J.A., ``Analytical Methods to Evaluate Fire Resistance of Structural Members ,'' Journal of Structural Engineering, October 1999, Vol. 125, No. 10, pp. 1179-1187.
4.
Thomson, G. and Preston, R.R., ``Towards Harmonized Standard Fire Resistance Testing,'' Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 27, 1996 , pp. 91-112.
5.
Sultan, M.A. , ``Fire Resistance Furnace Temperature Measurements: Plate Thermometers vs. Shielded Thermocouples,'' Fire Technology , Vol. 42, 2006, pp. 253-267.
6.
Chow, W.K. and Chan, Y.Y., ``Computer Simulation of the Thermal Fire Resistance of Building Materials and Structural Elements,'' Construction and Building Materials , Vol. 10, No. 2, 1996, pp. 131-140.
7.
Bisby, L.A., Kodur, V.K.R. and Green, M.F., ``Numerical Parametric Studies on the Fire Endurance of Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer-Confined Concrete Columns,'' Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 31, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1090-1100.
8.
Manzello, S.L. , Gann, R.G., Kukuch , S.R., Prasad, K. and Jones, W., ``Performance of a Non-Load-Bearing Steel Stud Gypsum Board Wall Assembly: Experiments and Modelling,'' Fire and Materials, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2007, pp. 297-310.
9.
Gardner, L., ``Stainless Steel Structures in Fire,'' Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Structures and Buildings, Vol. 160, No. 3, 2007, pp. 129-138.
10.
Kodur, V.K. and Dwaikat, M., ``Performance-based Fire Safety Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams ,'' Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2007, pp. 293-320.
11.
Franssen, J.M. , Pintea, D. and Dotreppe, J.C., ``Considering the Effects of Localized Fires in the Numerical Analysis of a Building Structure ,'' Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 42, No. 6-7, 2007, pp. 473-481.
12.
Meacham, B.J. and Custer, R., ``Performance-Based Fire Safety Engineering: an Introduction of Basic Concepts,'' Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1995, pp. 35-54.
13.
Johann, M.A. , Albano, L.D., Fitzgerald, R.W. and Meacham, B.J., ``Performance-Based Structural Fire Safety ,'' Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, February 2006, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 45-53.
14.
Moss, P.J. and Clifton, G.C., ``Modelling of the Cardington LBTF Steel Frame Building Fire Tests ,'' Fire and Materials, Vol. 28, 2004, pp. 177-198.
15.
Ma, Z. and Makelainen, P., ``Structural Behavior of Composite Slim Floor Frames in Fire Conditions ,'' Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 62, 2006, pp. 1282-1289.
16.
Lamont, S., Lane, B., Flint, G. and Usmani, A., ``Behavior of Structures in Fire and Real Design - A Case Study,'' Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol. 16, 2006, pp. 5-31.
17.
Molki, M., Panahshahi, N., Rossow, M. and Gumidelli, S.K., ``The Response of Framed Steel Structures to Fire,'' Heat Transfer Engineering, Vol. 28, no. 4, 2007, pp. 343-356.
18.
Didier, T. and Franssen, J.-M., ``A Quadrangular Shell Finite Element for Concrete and Steel Structures subjected to Fire,'' Journal of Fire Protection Engineering , Vol. 15, No. 4, 2005, pp. 237-264.
19.
Beyler, C., Beitel, J., Iwankiw, N. and Lattimer, B., Fire Resistance Testing for Performance-based Fire Design of Buildings , Final Report, Quincy, MA, USA, The Fire Protection Research Foundation, June 2007.
20.
ANSYS User's Guide. Release 11.0, Canonsburg, PA USA, ANSYS Inc., 2007.
21.
UL 10B, Standard for Safety for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies. Ninth Edition, Underwriters Laboratories Inc, Northbrook, IL USA, 1997.
22.
Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Englewood Cliffs, NJ , USA, Prentice-Hall, 1995.
23.
Milke, J., ``Analytical Methods for Determining Fire Resistance of Steel Members ,'' SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Third Edition, NFPA International, Quincy, MA , USA, 2002.
24.
NIST NCSTAR 1-3: Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis of Structural Steel, Final Reports on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. Gaithersburg, MD, USA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005, http://wtc.nist.gov
Prasad, K. and Baum, H., ``Nist Ncstar1-5G: Fire Structure Interface and Thermal Response of World Trade Center Towers,'' Final Reports on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. Gaithersburg, MD, USA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005, http://wtc.nist.gov
27.
Incropera, F.P. and De Witt, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer . Wiley & Sons, New York, Second Edition, 1985.
28.
ASTM E 1355-04Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capabilities of Deterministic Fire Models . West Conshohocken, PA, USA, ASTM International, 2004.
29.
Kodur, V.K., Garlock, M. and Iwankiw, N.National Workshop on Structures in Fire: State-of-the-Art, Research and Training Needs. June 11-12, East Lansing, MI, 2007.
