Cross-Cultural Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Spanish Brief Religious Coping Scale (S-BRCS)

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Brief Religious Coping Scale (S-BRCS). Design: A descriptive correlational design was used to conduct the study among a convenience sample of 121 Mexican Americans with diabetes. Results: The positive and negative religious coping subscales had Cronbach’s alphas of .85 and .86, respectively. All interitem and item-to-total correlations for each subscale were above the recommended criteria of .30. Factor loadings of the positive subscale using oblique (oblimin) and orthogonal (varimax) rotation ranged from .71 to .86 and from .72 to .86, respectively. Factor loadings of the negative subscale using oblimin and varimax rotation ranged from .64 to .83 and from .63 to .83, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: The S-BRCS was found to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure religious coping among Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Implications for Further Research and Practice: Further psychometric evaluation of the S-BRCS among larger sample of Mexican Americans and other Hispanic ethnic groups is warranted. The S-BRCS has the potential to become a standard instrument that can be used by clinicians who work with Hispanic clients with diabetes mellitus to provide culturally competent diabetes care.

Keywords

Spanish Brief Religious Coping Scale instrument development cross-cultural validation psychometrics Mexican Americans community health survey design Hispanic

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

American Association of Diabetes Educators. (2007). AADE position statement: Individualization of diabetes self-management education. The Diabetes Educator, 33, 45-49.

Ano

G. G.

Vasconcelles

E. B.

(2004). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 461-480.

Brown

S. A.

Becker

Garcia

A. A.

Barton

S. A.

Hanis

C. L.

(2002). Measuring health beliefs in Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes: Adapting an existing instrument. Research in Nursing & Health, 25, 145-158.

Burns

Grove

S. K.

(2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, and utilization (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders..

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Cherrington

Ayala

G. X.

Sleath

Corbie-Smith

(2006). Examining knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about depression among Latino adults with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 32, 603-613.

Costello

A. B.

Osborne

(2005). Best practice in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7.pdf

Cross

W. E.

Bazron

B. J.

Dennis

K. W.

Isaacs

M. R.

(1989). Towards a culturally competent system of care. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.

Devlin

Roberts

Okaya

Xiong

Y. M.

(2006). Our lives were healthier before: Focus groups with African American, American Indian, Hispanic/Latino, and Hmong people with diabetes. Health Promotion Practice, 7, 47-55.

10.

Ferketich

(1991). Focus on psychometrics: Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14, 165-168.

11.

Gordon

P. A.

Feldman

Crose

Schoen

Griffing

Shankar

(2002). The role of religious beliefs in coping with chronic illeness. Counseling and Values, 46, 162-174.

12.

Harris

M. I.

Eastman

R. C.

Cowie

C. C.

Flegal

K. M.

Eberhardt

M. S.

(1999). Racial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22, 403-408.

13.

Hill

P. C.

Hood

R. W.

(1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.

14.

Kane

M. N.

Williams

(2002). Perceptions of South Florida Hispanic and Anglo Catholics: From whom would they seek help? Journal of Religion and Health, 39, 107-121.

15.

Lager

J. M.

(2006). Relationship among religious coping, psychosocial factors, and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University, College Station.

16.

Lipton

Lose

Giachello

Carrol

Girotti

M. H.

Mendez

J. J.

(1996). Factors affecting diabetes treatment and patient education among Latinos: Results of a preliminary study in Chicago. Journal of Medical Systems, 20, 267-276.

17.

Lujan

Campbell

H. B.

(2006). The role of religion on the health practices of Mexican Americans. Journal of Religion & Health, 45, 183-195.

18.

Marin

B. V.

(1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

19.

Markides

Cole

(1984). Change and continuity in Mexican American religious behavior: A three-generation study. Social Science Quarterly, 65, 618-625.

20.

Markides

K. H.

Martin

H. W.

Gomez

(1983). Older Mexican Americans: A study in an urban barrio. Austin: University of Texas Press.

21.

Martinez

N. C.

Bader

(2007). Analysis of behavior risk factor surveillance system data to assess the health of Hispanic Americans with diabetes in El Paso County, Texas. The Diabetes Educator, 33, 691-699.

22.

Munro

B. H.

(2005). Statistical methods for health care research (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins..

23.

Nunnally

Bernstein

(1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill..

24.

Office of Minority Health. (2001). National standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate service in health care: Executive summary (No. 282-99-0039). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

25.

Oomen

J. S.

Owen

L. J.

Suggs

L. S.

(1999). Culture counts: Why current treatment models fail Hispanic women with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 25, 220-225.

26.

Pargament

K. I.

(1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

27.

Pargament

K. I.

Kennell

Hathaway

Grevengoed

Newman

Jones

(1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90-104.

28.

Pargament

K. I.

Smith

B. W.

Koenig

H. G.

Perez

(1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710-724.

29.

Polit

D. F.

Beck

C. T.

(2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins..

30.

Purnell

L. D.

Paulanka

B. J.

(2003). Transcultural healthcare: A culturally competent approach (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis..

31.

Russo

C. A.

Jung

H. J.

(2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (HCUP Statistical Brief No. 17). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

32.

Schwab

Meyer

Merrell

(1994). Measuring attitudes and health beliefs among Mexican Americans with diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 20, 221-227.

33.

Sharp

(1998). Bordering the future: Challenge and opportunity in the Texas border region. Austin, TX: Comptroller.

34.

Siegel

Anderman

S. J.

Schrimshaw

E. W.

(2001). Religion and coping with health related stress. Psychology & Health, 16, 631-653.

35.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

(2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon..

36.

Texas Diabetes Council. (2008). Texas diabetes fact sheet 2008. Austin: Texas Department of Health.

37.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Your gateway to census 2000. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html

38.

Wen

L. K.

Shepard

M. D.

Parchman

M. L.

(2004). Family support, diet, and exercise among older Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 30, 980-993.