Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality: An Overview With a Historical Retrospective and a View Toward the Future

Abstract

An historical overview of Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality also known as the Culture Care Theory (CCT) and evolution of the Sunrise Enabler are presented along with descriptions of the theory purpose, goal, tenets, basic assumptions, major core constructs, and orientational definitions. Recent articles, books, and book chapters provide relevant exemplars to enhance scholarly understanding and application of theory constructs. Proposed future directions encompass using the CCT to guide research of discovery and translational research projects for evidenced-based nursing practice; develop nursing courses and curricula to prepare culturally competent nurses; guide future culturally competent administrative and leadership policies and procedures; inform public policy related to cultural diversity and underserved populations; promote grant writing initiatives to enhance cultural diversity in hiring nursing staff, supervisors, and faculty; and promote admission of nursing students from underserved and/or diverse backgrounds.

Keywords

Leininger transcultural culture care theory ethnonursing modes health environmental context worldview

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abdulrehman

M. A.

Woith

Jenkins

Kossman

Hunter

G. L.

(2016). Exploring cultural influences of self-management of diabetes in coastal Kenya: An ethnography. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 3, 1-13. doi:10.1177/2333393616641825

American Association of Critical Care Nurses. (2005). AACN standards for establishing and sustaining healthy work environments: A journey to excellence. American Journal of Critical Care, 14, 187-197.

American Association of Critical Care Nurses. (2019). Healthy work environments. Retrieved from https://www.aacn.org/nursing-excellence/healthy-work-environments?tab=Patient%20Care

American National University. (2019). Conceptual framework. Retrieved from http://www.national.edu/programs/college-of-health-and-science/nursing/conceptual-framework/

American Nurses’ Association. (2015). Nursing scope and standards of practice (3rd ed., pp. 69-70). Silver Spring, MD: Author.

Andrews

M. M.

Collins

(2015). Using the culture care theory as the organizing framework for a federal project on cultural competence. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care theory and universality: A worldwide theory (3rd ed., pp. 537-552). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Atkinson

(2015). Islamic values and nursing practice in Kuwait. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 33, 195-204. doi:10.1177/0898010114564682

Baker

Friel

Kay

Baum

Strazdins

Mackean

(2018). What enables and constrains inclusion of the social determinants of health inequities in government policy agendas: A narrative review. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7, 101-111. doi:10.1530171/ijhpm.2017.130

Bhat

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

McFarland

M. R.

Filter

M. S.

Keiser

(2015). Advancing cultural assessments in palliative care using web-based education. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 17, 348-355. doi:10.1097/NJH.0000000000000175

10.

Burkett

Morris

Anthony

Shambley-Ebron

Manning-Courtney

. (2017). Parenting African American children with autism: The influence of respect and faith in mother, father, single- and two-parent care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28, 496-504. doi:10.1177/1043659616662316

11.

Chiang-Hanisko

(2018). Transcultural nursing and healthcare in Taiwan. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 273-283). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

12.

Chiatti

B. D.

(2019). Culture care beliefs and practices of Ethiopian immigrants. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 30, 340-349. doi:10.1177/1043659618817589

13.

Christensen

(2014). Enhancing nurses’ ability to care within the culture of incarceration. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25, 223-231. doi:10.1177/1043659613515276

14.

Coleman

Garretson

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

McFarland

M. R.

Wood

(2016). RESPECT: Reducing 30-day emergency department visits and readmissions of bariatric surgical patients effectively through cultural competency training of nurses. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing and Healthcare, 6, 31-50. doi:10.9730/ojccnh.org/v6n1a3

15.

Curtis

Fry

Shaban

R. Z.

Considine

(2017). Translating research findings to clinical nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 862-872. doi:10.1111/jocn.13586

16.

de Melo

L. P

. (2013). The Sunrise Model: A contribution to the teaching of nursing consultation in collective health. American Journal of Nursing Research, 1, 20-23. doi:10.12691/ajnr-1-1-3

17.

deRuyter

L. M.

(2015). Culture care education and experiences of African American students in predominantly Euro American associate degree nursing programs. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care theory and universality: A worldwide theory (3rd ed., pp. 389-441). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

18.

Douglas

M. K.

Rosenkoetter

Pacquiao

D. F.

Callister

L. C.

Hattar-Pollara

Lauderdale

. . . Purnell

(2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25, 109-121. doi:10.1177/1043659614520998

19.

Eipperle

M. K.

(2015). Application of the three modes of decisions and actions in advanced practice primary care. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 317-344). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

20.

Eipperle

M. K.

(2018). Care, caring, and nursing practice. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 215-230). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

21.

Ellenbecker

C. H.

Edward

(2016). Conducting nursing research to advance and inform health policy. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 17, 208–217. doi:10.1177/1527154417700634

22.

Embler

Mixer

S. J.

Gunther

(2015). End-of-life culture care practices among Yup’ik Eskimo. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing and Healthcare, 5, 36-49. doi:10.9730/ojccnh.org/v5n1a3

23.

Embler

P. J.

Weiss

M. T.

Mixer

S. J.

(2018). Yupiit: Alaska native people of Southwest Alaska. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 369-383). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

24.

Fang

D. M.

Stewart

S. L.

(2018). Social-cultural, traditional beliefs, and health system barriers of hepatitis B screening among Hmong Americans: A case study. Cancer, 124(Suppl. 7), 1576-1582. doi:10.1002/cncr.31096

25.

Fawcett

(2003). On bed baths and conceptual models of nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44, 229-230. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02823.x

26.

Fawcett

(2008). The added value of nursing conceptual model-based research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61, 583. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04616.x

27.

Hascup

V. A.

(2018). Culture expressions, meanings, beliefs, and practices of Mexican American women during the postpartum period: An ethnonursing study. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 398–420). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

28.

Horn

B. M.

(1978). Transcultural nursing and child-rearing of the Muckleshoot people. In Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practice (pp. 223-238). New York, NY: Wiley.

29.

Horn

B. M.

(1995). Transcultural nursing and childrearing of the Muckleshoots. In Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practice (2nd ed., pp. 501-515). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill.

30.

Hubbert

A. O.

(2018). The Sunrise Enabler’s application in conflict resolution for nurse administrators and nurse managers. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 284-297). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

31.

Jeffreys

M. R.

Zoucha

(2018). Cultural congruence in the workplace, health care, and academic settings for multiracial and multiheritage individuals. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 25, 113-126.

32.

Kaminen-Getzloff

Creech

C. J.

McFarland

M. R.

(2018, July 12). Staff education leads to increase in oncology rehabilitation referrals. Oncology Nurse Advisor. Retrieved from https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/side-effect-management/staff-education-increases-oncology-rehabilitation-referrals/article/779844/

33.

Kelch

R. H.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2018). Providing culturally congruent care to Haitians using Leininger’s culture care theory. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 231-250). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

34.

Kelch

R. H.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

McFarland

M. R.

(2015). Implementation of hypertension and diabetes chronic disease management in an adult group in Les Bours, Haiti. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing and Healthcare, 5, 50-63. doi:10.9730/ojccnh.org/v5n1a4

35.

Keyes

K. M.

Galea

(2016). Ubiquity and the macrosocial determinants of population health. In Keyes

K. M.

Galea

(Eds.), Population health science (pp. 67-84). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780190459376.003.0005

36.

Knecht

L. D.

Sabatine

C. K.

(2015). Application of the culture care theory to international service-learning experiences in Kenya. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care theory and universality: A worldwide theory (3rd ed., pp. 475-501). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

37.

Larson

(2015). The Greek connection: Discovering the cultural and social structure dimensions of Greek culture using Leininger’s theory of culture care: A model for a baccalaureate study-abroad experience. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care theory and universality: A worldwide theory (3rd ed., pp. 503-520). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

38.

Lee

R. C.

(2018). Understanding the culture care needs of Appalachian mothers experiencing homelessness. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 385-398). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

39.

Leininger

M. M.

(1966). Convergence and divergence of human behavior: An ethnopsychological comparative study of two Gadsup villages in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA). Retrieved from https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb63494059/_1.pdf

40.

Leininger

M. M.

(1978). Leininger’s conceptual and theory-generating model to study transcultural and ethnonursingethnocaring constructs. In M. M. Leininger (Ed.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practice (p. 39). New York, NY: Wiley.

41.

Leininger

M. M.

(1988a). Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler to discover cultural care: A theory of nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1, 157. doi:10.1177/089431848800100408

42.

Leininger

M. M.

(1988b). Leininger’s theory of nursing: Cultural care diversity and universality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1, 152-160. doi:10.1177/089431848800100408

43.

Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.). (1991a). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. New York, NY: National League for Nursing Press.

44.

Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.). (1991b). The theory of culture care diversity and universality. In Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.), Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing (pp. 5-68). New York, NY: National League for Nursing Press.

45.

Leininger

M. M.

(1993). Gadsup of Papua New Guinea revisited: A three decade review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 5, 21-30.

46.

Leininger

(1995a). Teaching transcultural nursing in undergraduate and graduate programs. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 6(2), 10-26. doi:10.1177/104365969500600203

47.

Leininger

M. M.

(1995b). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practice (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill.

48.

Leininger

(1996). Culture care theory, research, and practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 9, 71-78. doi:10.1177/089431849600900208

49.

Leininger

(1997). Overview of the theory of culture care with the ethnonursing research method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 8(2), 32–52. doi:10.1177/104365969700800205

50.

Leininger

M. M.

(2001). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

51.

Leininger

M. M.

(2002a). Part I: The theory of culture care diversity and universality and the ethnonursing method. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 71-98). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

52.

Leininger

M. M.

(2002b). The future of transcultural nursing: A global perspective. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 577-595). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

53.

Leininger

M. M.

(2002c). Part I: Toward integrative generic and professional health care. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 145-156). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

54.

Leininger

M. M.

(2002d). Transcultural nursing administration and consultation. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 563-573). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

55.

Leininger

M. M.

(2006a). Culture care diversity and universality theory and evolution of the ethnonursing method. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (2nd ed., pp. 1-41). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

56.

Leininger

M. M.

(2006b). Culture care theory and uses in nursing administration. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (2nd ed., pp. 365-379). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

57.

Leininger

M. M.

(2015). Leininger’s father protective care. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 119-136). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

58.

Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.). (2002). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

59.

Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.). (2006). Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

60.

Leuning

Small

van Dyk

(2002). Elder care in urban Namibian families: An ethnonursing study. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 347-362). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

61.

López-Entrambasaguas

O. M.

Fernández-Sola

Granero-Molina

(2015). Perception of HIV prevention programs among Ayoreo sex workers in Bolivia. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26, 458-465. doi:10.1177/1043659614526254

62.

Marion

Douglas

Lavin

M. A.

Barr

Gazaway

Thomas

Bickford

(2016). Implementing the new ANA Standard 8: Culturally congruent practice. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22(1). doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No01PPT20

63.

McFarland

M. R.

(1997). Use of culture care theory with Anglo- and African American elders in a long-term care setting. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10, 186-192. doi:10.1177/089431849701000412

64.

McFarland

M. R.

(2018a). Culture care theory and translational science: A focus for doctor of nursing practice scholarship. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 313-319). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

65.

McFarland

M. R.

(2018b). Evolutionary phases of transcultural nursing knowledge. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., p. 9). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

66.

McFarland

M. R.

(2018c). The theory of culture care diversity and universality. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 39-56). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

67.

McFarland

M. R.

(2018d). Transcultural nursing history, focus, and future directions. In McFarland

M. M.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 3-11). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

68.

McFarland

M. R.

Leininger

M. M.

(2002). Transcultural nursing: Curricular concepts, principles, and teaching and learning activities for the 21st century. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 527-561). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

69.

McFarland

M. R.

Mixer

S. J.

Lewis

A. E.

Easley

(2006). Use of the culture care theory as a framework for the recruitment, engagement, and retention of culturally diverse nursing students in a traditionally European American baccalaureate nursing program. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (2nd ed., pp. 239-254). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

70.

McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.). (2015a). Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

71.

McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2015b). The theory of culture care diversity and universality. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 1-34). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

72.

McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.). (2018a). Leininger’s transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

73.

McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2018b). Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler to Discover Culture Care. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Concepts, Theories, Research, & Practice (4th edition; p. 47). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

74.

McFarland

M. R.

Zehnder

(2006). Culture care of German American elders in a nursing home context. In Leininger

M. M.

McFarland

M. R.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (2nd ed., pp. 181-205). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

75.

Missal

Clark

Kovaleva

(2016). Somali immigrant new mothers’ childbirth experiences in Minnesota. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27, 359-367. doi:10.1177/1043659614565248

76.

Mixer

S. J.

(2015). Application of culture care theory in teaching cultural competence and culturally congruent care. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 369-387). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

77.

Mixer

S. J.

Carson

McArthur

P. M.

Abraham

Silva

Davidson

. . . Chadwick

(2015). Nurses in action: A response to cultural care challenges in a pediatric acute care setting. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30, 896-907. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2015.05.001

78.

Mixer

S. J.

Fornehed

M. L.

Varney

Lindley

L. C.

(2014). Culturally congruent end-of-life care of rural Appalachian people and their families. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 16, 526-535. doi:10.1097/NJH.0000000000000114

79.

Moss

J. A.

(2014). Discovering the healthcare beliefs and practices of rural mestizo Ecuadorians. An ethnonursing study. Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria, 32, 326-336. doi:10.17533/udea.iee.v32n2a15

80.

Ojwang

B. O.

(2018). Linguistic conceptualizations of disease among the Luo of Kenya. Qualitative Health Research, 28, 433-445. doi:10.1177/1049732317747875

81.

Palank

C. L.

(1991). Determinants of health-promotive behavior. A review of current research. Nursing Clinics of North America, 26, 815-832.

82.

Pender

N. J.

(1982). Health promotion in nursing practice (1st ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

83.

Rahemi

(2019). Planning ahead for end-of-life healthcare among Iranian American older adults: Attitudes and communication of healthcare wishes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 34, 187-199. doi:10.1007/s10823-019-09371-x

84.

Rahemi

Dunphy

L. M.

Newman

(2019). Preferences regarding and communication about end-of-life care among older Iranian American adults. Western Journal of Nursing Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0193945919832304

85.

Roussel

(2020). Differentiating quality improvement projects and quality improvement research. In Harris

J. L.

Roussel

Dearman

Thomas

P. L.

(Eds.), Project planning and development: A guide for nurses and interprofessional teams (3rd ed., pp. 66-73). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

86.

Sensor

C. S.

(2018). Health related beliefs, practices, and experiences of migrant Dominicans in the Northeastern United States. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1043659618801967

87.

Singleton

J. K.

(2017). An enhanced cultural competence curriculum and changes in transcultural self-efficacy in doctor of nursing practice students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28, 516-522. doi:10.1177/1043659617703162

88.

Steefel

(2018). Cultural humility: An active concept to drive correctional nursing practice. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 14, 27-30. doi:10.1097/JFN.0000000000000187

89.

Stone

Mixer

S. J.

Mendola

(2019, March). Culturally acceptable advance care planning and advance directives for persons experiencing homelessness. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. Advance online publication. doi:10.1097/NJH.0000000000000530

90.

Strang

C. W.

Mixer

S. J.

(2016). Discovery of the meanings, expressions, and practices related to malaria care among the Maasai. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27, 333-341. doi:10.1177/1043659615573841

91.

Strang

C. W.

Mixer

S. J.

(2018). Culturally competent research using the culture care theory: Malaria care in Maasailand. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 339-358). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

92.

Strouse

S. M.

Nickerson

C. J.

(2016). Professional culture brokers: Nursing faculty perceptions of nursing culture and their role in student formation. Nurse Education in Practice, 18, 10-15. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2016.02.008

93.

Turkel

Fawcett

Chinn

P. L.

Eustace

Hansell

P. S.

Smith

M. C.

. . . Zahourek

(2018). Thoughts about advancement of the discipline: Dark clouds and bright lights. Nursing Science Quarterly, 31, 82-85. doi:10.1177/0894318417741121

94.

Ulrich

Barden

Cassidy

Varn-Davis

(2019). Critical care nurse work environments 2018: Findings and implications. Critical Care Nurse, 39(2), 67-84. doi:10.4037/ccn2019605

95.

Waddell

Adams

J. M.

Fawcett

(2017). Exploring nurse leaders’ policy participation within the context of a nursing conceptual framework. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 18, 195-205. doi:10.1177/1527154418762578

96.

Watson

(1978). Preamble. In Leininger

M. M.

(Ed.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practice (p. viii). New York, NY: Wiley.

97.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2015). Folk care beliefs and practices of traditional Lebanese and Syrian Muslims in the Midwestern United States. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 137-181). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

98.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2018a). Culture care of Syrian Muslims in the Midwestern United States: An ethnonursing study. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 421-432). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

99.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2018b). Essential transcultural nursing care concepts, principles, guidelines, and policy statements for culturally congruent and competent health care practices, research, and education. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 13-37). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

100.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(2018c). The ethnonursing research method: Major features and enablers. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 57-84). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

101.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

McFarland

M. R.

(2015a). Leininger’s enablers for use with the ethnonursing research method. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 73-100). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

102.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

McFarland

M. R.

(2015b). Transcultural nursing course outline, educational activities, and syllabi using the culture care theory. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 553-577). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

103.

White

K. W.

Zaccagnini

M. E.

(2017). A template for the DNP project. In Zaccagnini

M. E.

White

K. W.

(Eds.), The doctor of nursing practice essentials: A new model for advanced practice nursing (3rd ed., pp. 441-501). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

104.

Wolf

K. M.

Zoucha

McFarland

M. R.

Salman

Dagane

Hashi

(2014). Somali immigrant perceptions of mental health and illness: An ethnonursing study. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27, 349-358. doi:10.1177/1043659614550487

105.

Zajac

L. K.

(2015). The culture care meaning of comfort for ethnically diverse nursing students in the educational setting. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing and Healthcare, 5, 88-103.

106.

Zoucha

Turk

(2015). Using the culture care theory as a guide to develop and implement a transcultural global health course for doctor of nursing practice students for study in Italy. In McFarland

M. R.

Wehbe-Alamah

H. B.

(Eds.), Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality: A worldwide nursing theory (3rd ed., pp. 521-535). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.