Magnetorheological (MR) dampers with embedded piezoelectric force sensors are developed to enable real-time, closed-loop vibration control of civil and mechanical structures. In this study, a prestress-type piezoelectric force sensor is fabricated and integrated with an actuation-only MR damper to form a smart MR damper possessing the attractive functionality of force sensing-while-damping with a high degree of sensor—damper collocation. Calibration of the piezoelectric force sensor is performed in a servohydraulic material testing system operating in force-controlled excitations of sine and ramp waveforms at different combinations of amplitude and frequency. The sensing and damping performance of the smart MR damper is evaluated by operating the material testing system in displacement-controlled sine and ramp excitations while adjusting different DC control currents to the damper. A good agreement between the piezoelectric force sensor outputs and the material testing system force inputs is observed, besides the highly controllable force—displacement and force—velocity hysteretic characteristics. The results show great promise of deploying the smart MR damper in intelligent structural vibration control systems.
Carlson, J.D. and Weiss, K.D.1994. ``A Growing Attraction to Magnetic Fluids,''Machine Design, 66(August):61-66.
2.
Carlson, J.D.2000. ``Washing Machine Having a Controllable Field Responsive Damper,'' US Patent, 6,151,930.
3.
Chang, C.C. and Zhou, L.2002. ``Neural Network Emulation of Inverse Dynamics for a Magnetorheological Damper,'' Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 128:231-239.
4.
Chiu, S.S., Chan, H.L.W., Or, S.W., Cheung, Y.M. and Liu, P.C.K.2003. ``Effect of Electrode Pattern on the Outputs of Piezosensors for Wire Bonding Process Control,'' Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 99:121-126.
5.
Choi, S.B., Nam, M.H. and Lee, B.K.2000. ``Vibration Control of a MR Seat Damper for Commercial Vehicles,'' Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures , 11:936-944.
6.
Christenson, R.E.2001. ``Semiactive Control of Civil Structures for Natural Hazard Mitigation: Analytical and Experimental Studies,'' PhD Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
7.
Duan, Y.F.2004. ``Vibration Control of Stay Cables Using Semi-Active Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers,'' PhD Dissertation, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
8.
Duan, Y.F., Ni, Y.Q. and Ko, J.M.2005a. ``Design Guidelines for Open-Loop Vibration Control of Stay Cables Using MR Dampers,'' In: Tomizuka, M. (ed.), Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, SPIE, Bellingham, Vol. 5765, pp. 678-689.
9.
Duan, Y.F., Ni, Y.Q. and Ko, J.M.2005b. ``State-Derivative Feedback Control of Cable Vibration Using Semiactive Magnetorheological Dampers,'' Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 20:431-449.
10.
Duan, Y.F., Ni, Y.Q. and Ko, J.M.2006. ``Cable Vibration Control Using Magnetorheological Dampers ,'' Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures , 17:321-325.
11.
Duan, Y.F., Ni, Y.Q. and Ko, J.M.2007. ``Preliminary Design of Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers for Vibration Control of Stay Cables on Cable-Stayed Sutong Bridge,''Proceedings of the 4th Cross-strait Conference on Conference on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Hangzhou, China, pp. 844-856.
12.
Dyke, S.J., Spencer Jr, B.F., Sain, M.K. and Carlson, J.D.1996. ``Modeling and Control of Magnetorheological Dampers for Seismic Response Reduction,''Smart Materials and Structures , 5:565-575.
13.
Dyke, S.J., Spencer Jr, B.F., Sain, M.K. and Carlson, J.D.1998. ``An Experimental Study of MR Dampers for Seismic Protection,''Smart Materials and Structures, 7:693-703.
14.
Han, Y.M., Nam, M.H., Han, S.S., Lee, H.G. and Choi, S.B.2002. ``Vibration Control Evaluation of a Commercial Vehicle Featuring MR Seat Damper,'' Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 13:575-579.
15.
Hiemenz, G.J., Choi, Y.T. and Wereley, N.M.2003. ``Seismic Control of Civil Structures Utilizing Semi-Active MR Braces,'' Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering , 18:31-44.
16.
Jin, G., Sain, M.K. and Spencer, B.F.2005. ``Nonlinear Blackbox Modeling of MR-Dampers for Civil Structural Control,'' IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 13:345-355.
17.
Johnson, E.A., Christenson, R.E. and Spencer Jr., B.F.2003. ``Semiactive Damping of Cables with Sag,''Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 18:132-146.
18.
Ko, J.M., Ni, Y.Q., Chen, Z.Q. and Spencer Jr, B.F.2003. ``Implementation of MR Dampers to Dongting Lake Bridge for Cable Vibration Mitigation,'' In: Casciati, F (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Structural Control, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, Vol. 3, pp. 777-786.
19.
Ko, J.M., Duan, Y.F. and Ni, Y.Q.2005. ``Modeling of a Full-Scale MR Damper and Its Application in Open-Loop Vibration Control of Stay Cables,'' In: Tomizuka, M. (ed.), Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, SPIE, Bellingham, Vol. 5765, pp. 690-700.
20.
Ni, Y.Q., Chen, Y., Ko, J.M. and Cao, D.Q.2002a. ``Neuro-Control of Cable Vibration Using Semi-Active Magneto-Rheological Dampers,'' Engineering Structures, 24:295-307.
21.
Ni, Y.Q., Duan, Y.F., Chen, Z.Q. and Ko, J.M.2002b. ``Damping Identification of MR-damped Bridge Cables from In-Situ Monitoring under Wind-Rain-Excited Conditions,'' In: Liu, S.-C. (ed.), Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways, SPIE, Bellingham, Vol. 4696, pp. 41-51.
22.
Ni, Y.Q., Ko, J.M., Chen, Z.Q. and Spencer Jr., B.F.2002c. ``Lessons Learned from Application of Semi-Active MR Dampers to Bridge Cables for Wind-Rain-Induced Vibration Control,'' In: Proceedings of China-Japan Workshop on Vibration Control and Health Monitoring of Structures, Shanghai, China (in CD format).
23.
Or, S.W., Chan, H.L.W., Lo, V.C. and Yuen, C.W.1998. ``Ultrasonic Wire-Bond Quality Monitoring Using Piezoelectric Sensor,'' Sensors and Actuators A: Physical , 65:69-75.
24.
Or, S.W., Chan, H.L.W. and Liu, P.C.K.2005. ``Development of Smart Transducer with Embedded Sensor for Automatic Process Control of Ultrasonic Wire Bonding, '' Smart Structures and Systems, 1:47-61.
25.
Snyder, R.A., Kamath, G.M. and Wereley, N.M.2001. ``Characterization and Analysis of Magnetorheological Damper Behavior under Sinusoidal Loading,'' AIAA Journal, 39:1240-1253.
26.
Spencer Jr, B.F., Carlson, J.D., Sain, M.K. and Yang, G.1997a. ``On the Current Status of Magnetorheological Dampers: Seismic Protection of Full-Scale Structures,'' In: Proceedings of American Control Conference, New Mexico , USA, pp. 458-462.
27.
Spencer, B.F., Dyke, S.J., Sain, M.K. and Carlson, J.D.1997b. ``Phenomenological Model for Magnetorheological Dampers ,'' Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 123:230-238.
28.
Tsang, H.H., Su, R.K.L. and Chandler, A.M.2006. ``Simplified Inverse Dynamics Models for MR Fluid Dampers,''Engineering Structures, 28:327-341.
29.
Yang, G.2001. ``Large-Scale Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Vibration Mitigation: Modeling, Testing and Control,'' PhD Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
