This article presents constitutive models for photo-induced strains in photostrictive materials and an optimal design of microcantilevers driven by light illumination. Behaviors of photo-induced strains in semiconductors and polymeric materials are reviewed first, and then new phenomenological constitutive models are developed that depict two distinctive features of photo-induced strain profile: (a) dependence on variation of light intensity which decreases with the depth measured from the illuminated surface due to light attenuation and energy absorption; and (b) anisotropy or dependence on direction of light polarization. On the basis of the constitutive modeling of photo-induced strain in wafers, design optimization of microcantilevers is then investigated for both geometrically linear and non-linear deformations.
Asao, H. and Tanaka, K.2007. ``Polarization-dependent Photoinduced Mechanical Deformations in Covalent Chalcogenide Glasses,''Journal of Applied Physics , 102(.4):043508-1-043508-7.
2.
Belendez, T., Neipp, C. and Belendez, A.2002. ``Large and Small Deflections of a Cantilever Beam, '' European Journal of Physics, 23(3):371-379.
3.
Camacho-Lopez, M., Finkelmann, H., Palffy-Muhoray, P. and Shelley, M.2004. ``Fast Liquid-crystal Elastomers Swims into the Dark, '' Nature Materials, 3:307-310.
4.
Charra, F., Kaizar, F., Nunzi, J.M., Raimond, P. and Idiart, E.1993. ``Light-induced 2nd Harmonic Generation in Azo-dye, '' Optics Letters, 18(12):941-943.
5.
Corbett, D. and Warner, M.2008. ``Bleaching and Stimulated Recovery of Dyes and of Photocantilevers,''Physical Review E, 77(5):051710-1-051710-11.
6.
Crawley, E.F. and Lazarus, K.B.1991. ``Induced Strain Actuation of Isotropic and Anisotropic Plates,'' AIAA Journal, 29(6):944-951.
7.
Eisenbach, C.D.1980. ``Isomerization of Aromatic Azo Chromophores on Poly (ethylacrylate) Networks and Photomechanical Effect,'' Polymer, 21(10):1175-1179.
8.
Datskos, P.G., Rajic, S. and Datskou, I.1998. ``Photoinduced and Thermal Stress in Silicon Microcantilevers ,'' Applied Physics Letters, 73(16):2319-2321.
9.
Figielski, T.1961. ``Photostriction Effect in Germanium, '' Physica Status Solidi, 1(4):306-316.
10.
Finkelmann, H., Nishikawa, E., Pereira, G.G. and Warner, M.2001. ``A New Opto-mechanical Effect in Solids,''Physical Review Letters, 87(1):015501-1-015501-4.
11.
Gauster, W.B. and Habing, D.H.1967. ``Electronic Volume Effect in Silicon,''Physical Review Letters, 18(24):1058-1061.
12.
Guo, Y.L., Zhou, J., Huang, Y.P. and Bao, M.H.2007. ``Modeling of Photoinduced Deformation in Silicon Microcantilevers ,'' Sensors, 7(9):1713-1719.
13.
Hegewald, T., Kaltenbacher, B., Kaltenbacher, M. and Lerch, R.2008. ``Efficient Modeling of Ferroelectric Behavior for the Analysis of Piezoceramic actuators,'' Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 19(10):1117-1129.
14.
Ikehara, T., Tanaka, M., Shimada, S. and Matsuda, H.2001. ``Optically-driven Actuator Using Photo-induced Phase-transition Material,'' In: Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), pp. 256-259.
15.
Ikehara, T., Shimada, S., Matsuda, H. and Tanaka.2004 . ``Mechanical Strain Generation in a Polydiacetylene Crystal due to Photoinduced Phase Transition,''Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 43(2):654-658.
16.
Islam, S.S.2006. Semiconductor Physics and Devices, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
17.
Jiang, H.Y., Kelch, S. and Lendlein, A.2006. ``Polymers Move in Response to Light, '' Advanced Materials, 18(11):1471-1475.
18.
John, S., Sirohi, J., Wang, G. and Wereley, N.M.2007. ``Comparison of Piezoelectric, Magnetostrictive, and Electrostrictive Hybrid Hydraulic Actuators,''Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 18(10):1035-1048.
19.
Kaw, A.K.2006. Mechanics of Composite Materials, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
20.
Klein, C.A.2000. ``How Accurate are Stoney's Equation and Recent Modifications ,'' Journal of Applied Physics, 88(9):5487-5489.
21.
Kobatake, S., Takami, S., Muto, Hi.Ishikawa, T. and Irie, M.2007. ``Rapid and Reversible Shape Changes of Molecular Crystals on Photoirradiation,''Nature, 446(7137):778-781.
22.
Koshihara, S., Tokura, Y., Takeda, K. and Koda, T.1992. ``Reversible Photoinduced Phase Transition in Single Crystals of Polydiacetylenes,'' Physical Review Letters, 68(8):1148-1151.
23.
Lavrik, N.V., Sepaniak, M.J. and Datskos, P.G.2004. ``Cantilever Transducers as a Platform for Chemical and Biological Sensors,'' Review of Scientific Instruments, 75(7):2229-2253.
Pielorz, A.2004. ``Nonlinear Equations for a Thin Beam, '' ACTA Mechanica, 167(1-2):1-12.
26.
Piprek, J.2003. Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices: Introduction to Physics and Simulation, Academic Press, Amsterdam; Boston.
27.
Qin, M., Yao, K. and Shannigrahi, S.2007. ``Thickness Effects on Photoinduced Current in Ferroelectric (Pb0.97 La0.03) (Zr0.52 Ti0.48) O3 Thin Films,''Journal of Applied Physics, 101(1):014104-1-014104-8.
28.
Shih, H.R., Watkins, J. and Tzou, H.S.2005. ``Displacement Control of a Beam using Photostrictive Optical Actuators,'' Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16(4):355-363.
29.
Singamaneni, S., LeMieux, M.C., Lang, H.P., Gerber, C., Lam, Y., Zauscher, S., Datskos, P.G., Lavrik, N.V., Jiang, H., Naik, R.R., Bunning, T.J. and Tsukruk, V.V.2008. ``Bimaterial Microcantilevers as a Hybrid Sensing Platform ,'' Advanced Materials, 20(4):653-680
30.
Statman, D. and Janossy, I.2003. ``Study of Photoisomerization of Azo Dyes in Liquid Crystals ,'' Journal of Chemical Physics, 18(7):3222-3232.
31.
Stearns, R.G. and Kino, G.S.1985. ``Effects of Electronic Strain on Photoacoustic Generation in Silicon,'' Applied Physics Letters, 47(10):1048-1050.
32.
Steinbock, L.J. and Helm, M.2008. ``Wavelength Dependence of Photoinduced Microcantilever Bending in the UV-VIS Range,'' Sensors, 8(1):23-34.
33.
Stoney, G.G.1909. ``The Tension of Metallic Films Deposited by Electrolysis,''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 82(553):172-175.
34.
Sze, S.M.1981. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edn, pp. 41-44, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
35.
Tam, A.C.1986. ``Applications of Photoacoustic Sensing Techniques, '' Review of Modern Physics, 58(2):381-431.
36.
Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M.1972. Mechanics of Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York.
37.
Timoshenko, S.P., Young, D.H. and Weaver Jr, W.1974. Vibration Problems in Engineering, Wiley, New York.
38.
Todorovic, D.M., Nikolic, P.M. and Bojicic, A.I.1999. ``Photoacoustic Frequency Transmission Technique: Electronic Deformation Mechanism in Semiconductors,'' Journal of Applied Physics, 85(11):7716-7726.
39.
Tuzzolino, A.J.1964. ``Quantum Efficiency of Silicon in the Vacuum Ultraviolet,''Physical Review, 134(1A):A205-A213.
40.
Von Preissig, F.J.1989. ``Applicability of the Classical Curvature-stress Relation for Thin Films on Plate Substrates,'' Journal of Applied Physics , 66(9):4262-4268.
41.
Wachter, E.A., Thundat, T., Oden, P.I., Warmack, R.J., Datskos, P.G. and Sharp, S.L.1996. ``Remote Optical Detection Using Microcantilevers, '' Review of Scientific Instruments, 67(10):3434-3439.
42.
Warner, M. and Mahadevan, L.2004. ``Photoinduced Deformations of Beams, Plates, and Films,''Physical Review Letters, 92(13):134302-1-134302-4.
43.
Wu, L.F., Tuo, X.L., Cheng, H., Chen, Z. and Wang, X.G.2001. ``Synthesis, Photoresponsive Behavior, and Self-assembly of Poly(Acrylic Acid)-based Azo Polyelectrolytes,''Macromolecules , 4(23):8005-8013.
44.
Yu, Y., Nakano, M. and Ikeda, T.2003. ``Directed Bending of a Polymer Film by Light, '' Nature, 425(6954):145.
