Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Chinese Version of the Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire in Stroke Patients

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to develop a cross-cultural Chinese version of the Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire (ESDQ-C) and test its validity and reliability among Chinese-speaking stroke patients. Various methods were used to develop the ESDQ-C. A cross-sectional study was used to examine the validity and reliability of the developed questionnaire, which consists of 28 items belonging to six factors, anger, helplessness, emotional dyscontrol, indifference, inertia and fatigue, and euphoria. Satisfactory convergence and known-group validities were confirmed by significant correlations of the ESDQ-C with the Profile of Mood States–Short Form (p < .05) and with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p < .05). The internal consistency was represented by Cronbach’s alpha, which was .96 and .79 to .92 for the entire scale and subscales, respectively. Appropriate application of the ESDQ-C will be helpful to identify critical adjustment-related types of distress and patients who experience difficulty coping with such distress.

Keywords

stroke emotional distress social distress Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire (ESDQ)psychometric properties

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Andrewes

D. G.

Kaye

Aitken

Parr

Bates

Murphy

(2003). The ESDQ: A new method of assessing emotional and social dysfunction in patients following brain surgery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 173-189. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.2.173.13636

Bagozzi

R. P.

(1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.

Beaton

D. E.

Bombardier

Guillemin

Ferraz

M. B.

(2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25, 3186-3191.

Bodini

Iacoboni

Lenzi

G. L.

(2004). Acute stroke effects on emotions: An interpretation through the mirror system. Current Opinion in Neurology, 17, 55-60.

Brislin

R. W.

(1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216.

Caeiro

Ferro

J. M.

Figueira

M. L.

(2012). Apathy in acute stroke patients. European Journal of Neurology, 19, 291-297. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03508.x

Cameron

J. I.

Cheung

A. M.

Streiner

D. L.

Coyte

P. C.

Singh

M. D.

Stewart

D. E.

(2008). Factor structure and reliability of the Brain Impairment Behavior Scale. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 40, 40-47.

Carota

Staub

Bogousslavsky

(2002). Emotions, behaviours and mood changes in stroke. Current Opinion in Neurology, 15, 57-69.

Chen

Leys

Esquenazi

(2013). The interaction between neuropsychological and motor deficits in patients after stroke. Neurology, 80(3 Suppl. 2), S27-S34. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182762569

10.

Choi-Kwon

Han

Cho

K. H.

Choi

Suh

Nah

H. W.

Kim

J. S.

(2013). Factors associated with post-stroke anger proneness in ischaemic stroke patients. European Journal of Neurology, 20, 1305-1310. doi:10.1111/ene.12199

11.

Coetzee

Andrewes

D. G.

Khan

Hale

Jenkins

Lincoln

Disler

(2008). Predicting compliance with treatment following stroke: A new model of adherence following rehabilitation. Brain Impairment, 9, 122-139.

12.

Davis

Greenberger

Charles

Chen

Zhao

Dong

(2012). Emotion experience and regulation in China and the United States: How do culture and gender shape emotion responding? International Journal of Psychology, 47, 230-239. doi:10.1080/00207594.2011.626043

13.

De Ryck

Fransen

Brouns

Geurden

Peij

Marien

. . . Engelborghs

. (2014). Psychosocial problems associated with depression at 18 months poststroke. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2, 144-152. doi:10.1002/gps.3974

14.

Eslinger

P. J.

Parkinson

Shamay

S. G.

(2002). Empathy and social-emotional factors in recovery from stroke. Current Opinion in Neurology, 15, 91-97.

15.

Flynn

Van Schaik

Vvan Wersch

(2004). A comparison of multi-item Likert and visual analogue scales for the assessment of transactionally defined coping function. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 201, 49-58.

16.

Forlano

Pinter

(1941). Selection of upper and lower groups for item validation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 32, 544-549.

17.

Furr

R. M.

Bacharach

V. R.

(2008). Psychometrics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

18.

Grool

A. M.

van der Graaf

Mali

W. P.

Witkamp

T. D.

Vincken

K. L.

Geerlings

M. I.

(2012). Mood problems increase the risk of mortality in patients with lacunar infarcts: The SMART-MR study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 234-240. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31824f5ab0

19.

Gurr

Muelenz

(2011). A follow-up study of psychological problems after stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 18, 461-469. doi:10.1310/tsr1805-461

20.

Guyatt

G. H.

Townsend

Berman

L. B.

Keller

J. L.

(1987). A comparison of Likert and visual analogue scales for measuring change in function. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 1129-1133.

21.

Hackett

M. L.

Anderson

C. S.

(2005). Predictors of depression after stroke: A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke, 36, 2296-2301. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000183622.75135.a4

22.

Hackett

M. L.

Kohler

O’Brien

J. T.

Mead

G. E.

(2014). Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke. Lancet Neurology, 13, 525-534. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70016-x

23.

Hale

C. D.

Astolfi

(2014). Psychometrics: Reliability and validity. Measuring learning and performance: A primer. Retrieved from http://charlesdennishale.org/Measuring-Learning-and-Performance/3-MLP-Psychometrics-Reliability-and-Validity-3.1.pdf

24.

Hama

Yamashita

Yamawaki

Kurisu

(2011). Post-stroke depression and apathy: Interactions between functional recovery, lesion location, and emotional response. Psychogeriatrics, 11, 68-76. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2011.00358.x

25.

L. T.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.

26.

Huang

H. C.

Chang

C. H.

Lee

T. H.

Chang

Y. J.

Ryu

S. J.

Chang

T. Y.

. . . Chang

H. J.

(2013). Differential trajectory of functional recovery and determinants for first time stroke survivors by using a LCGA approach: A hospital based analysis over a 1-year period. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 49, 463-472.

27.

Jaeschke

Singer

Guyatt

G. H.

(1990). A comparison of seven-point and visual analogue scales: Data from a randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 11, 43-51.

28.

Juang

K. D.

Wang

S. J.

Lin

C. H.

Fuh

J. L.

(1999). Use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale as a screening tool for patients with headache. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 62, 749-755.

29.

Kehoe

(1995). Basic item analysis for multiple choice tests. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 4, 10.

30.

Lin

C. C.

Lai

Y. L.

Ward

S. E.

(2003). Effect of cancer pain on performance status, mood states, and level of hope among Taiwanese cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 25, 29-37.

31.

MacCallum

R. C.

Widaman

Zhang

Hong

(1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.

32.

Maneesriwongul

Dixon

J. K.

(2004). Instrument translation process: A methods review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48, 175-186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03185.x

33.

Mazure

C. M.

Weinberger

A. H.

Pittman

Sibon

Swendsen

(2014). Gender and stress in predicting depressive symptoms following stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 38, 240-246. doi:10.1159/000365838

34.

McNair

D. M.

Lorr

Droppleman

L. F.

(1992). Revised manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services.

35.

Philippi

C. L.

Mehta

Grabowski

Adolphs

Rudrauf

(2009). Damage to association fiber tracts impairs recognition of the facial expression of emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15089-15099. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0796-09.2009

36.

Polit

D. F.

Beck

C. T.

Owen

S. V.

(2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 459-467. doi:10.1002/nur.20199

37.

Rolstad

Adler

Ryden

(2011). Response burden and questionnaire length: Is shorter better? A review and meta-analysis. Value Health, 14, 1101-1108. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.06.003

38.

Rosenbaum

Vadas

Kalichman

(2014). Sexual function in post-stroke patients: Considerations for rehabilitation. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 15-21. doi:10.1111/jsm.12343

39.

Ryder

A. G.

Yang

Zhu

Yao

Heine

S. J.

Bagby

R. M.

(2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 300-313. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.300

40.

Sahlqvist

Song

Bull

Adams

Preston

Ogilvie

(2011). Effect of questionnaire length, personalisation and reminder type on response rate to a complex postal survey: Randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11, 62. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-62

41.

Seymour

L. M.

Wolf

T. J.

(2014). Participation changes in sexual functioning after mild stroke. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 34, 72-80. doi:10.3928/15394492-20131217-01

42.

Sim

S. M.

Rasiah

R. I.

(2006). Relationship between item difficulty and discrimination indices in true/false-type multiple choice questions of a para-clinical multidisciplinary paper. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 35, 67-71.

43.

Stone

Townend

Kwan

Haga

Dennis

M. S.

Sharpe

(2004). Personality change after stroke: Some preliminary observations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 75, 1708-1713. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.037887

44.

Torrance

G. W.

Feeny

Furlong

(2001). Visual analog scales: Do they have a role in the measurement of preferences for health states? Medical Decision Making, 21, 329-334.

45.

Uchida

Kitayama

(2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9, 441-456. doi:10.1037/a0015634

46.

van Laerhoven

van der Zaag-Loonen

H. J.

Derkx

B. H

. (2004). A comparison of Likert scale and visual analogue scales as response options in children’s questionnaires. Acta Paediatrica, 93, 830-835.

47.

Vincent

Deaudelin

Robichaud

Rousseau

Viscogliosi

Talbot

L. R.

Desrosiers

(2007). Rehabilitation needs for older adults with stroke living at home: Perceptions of four populations. BMC Geriatrics, 7, 20. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-7-20

48.

Waltz

C. F.

Strickland

O. L.

Lenz

E. R.

(2010). Measurement in nursing and health research (4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.

49.

Willey

J. Z.

Disla

Moon

Y. P.

Paik

M. C.

Sacco

R. L.

Boden-Albala

. . . Wright

C. B.

(2010). Early depressed mood after stroke predicts long-term disability: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS). Stroke, 41, 1896-1900. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.583997

50.

Zigmond

A. S.

Snaith

R. P.

(1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361-370.