Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P) is a common craniofacial anomaly with multifactorial etiology. Evidence suggests that variations in WNT pathway genes contribute to an increased susceptibility to NSCL±P. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of AXIN1, APC, CTNNB1, DVL2, and GSK3β gene variants with NSCL±P in a case-control data set from Brazil.
Patients:
471 individuals with NSCL±P and 504 unrelated control individuals of Caucasian ethnicity.
Design:
Twenty single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in/nearby AXIN1, APC, CTNNB1, DVL2, and GSK3B genes were genotyped using Taqman chemistry in a Viia7 sequence detection instrument. Genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies were compared among NSCL±P patients and controls using Fisher exact test, implemented in PLINK software. The level of significance was established at P ≤.002 under Bonferroni correction. In silico analysis of SNP function was assessed using MirSNP database.
Results:
Significant association was found between GSK3B rs13314595 genotypes and NSCL±P (P = .0006). Additionally, nominal associations were found between DVL2 (rs35594616) and APC (rs448475) with NSCL±P (P = .02 and P = .03, respectively). SNP haplotypes for GSK3B and APC genes showed nominal associations with NSCL±P (P < .05). In silico analysis predicted that APC rs448475 harbors a binding site for the microRNA miR-617 and that the switch from a G allele to C allele enhances binding, whereas DVL2 rs35594616 did not appear to harbor microRNA-binding sites.
Conclusion:
This study shows for the first time the association between GSK3B and NSCL±P and confirms the role of additional WNT pathway genes as candidates for NSCL±P.
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