This article has the aim of considering whether managerial control, no matter its form, has outlived, its usefulness in postbureaucratic society, and if so, whether it can be replaced by a more emancipatory discourse among local practitioners as they confront the immanent requirements of social interaction within their own practices. The article initially reviews the limitations of bureaucratic control and considers postbureaucratic or “soft” alternatives as sources of empowerment. Seen as ideals, postbureaucratic options are not thought to overturn the imposition of control in organizing, but the relocation of the positioning of work to the practice setting offers management a new role as the facilitator of the critical discourse required to sustain and enhance local activity.
Adler, S. ( 1999). Building better bureaucracies. Academy of Management Executive, 13(4), 36-49.
3.
Agyris, C. & Schön, D.A. ( 1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective .Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4.
Alchian, A., & Demsetz, H. ( 1972). Production, information costs, and economic organization . American Economic Review, 62, 777-795.
5.
Alvesson, M., & Lindkvist, L. ( 1993). Transaction costs, clans and corporate culture. Journal of Management Studies, 30, 432-452.
6.
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. ( 1992). On the idea of emancipation in management and organization studies. Academy of Management Review, 17, 432-464.
7.
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. ( 2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies , 39, 619-644.
8.
Applegate, L.M. ( 1999). In search of a new organizational model: Lessons from the field. In G. DeSanctis & J. Fulk (Eds.), Shaping organization form: Communication, connection and community (pp. 33-70). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
9.
Argyris, C., & Schön, D.A. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
10.
Baird, L., & Griffin, D. ( 2006). The case for dynamic learning. Organizational Dynamics, 35, 372-383.
11.
Balogun, J. ( 2003). From blaming the middle to harnessing its potential: Creating change intermediaries. British Journal of Management , 14(1), 69-84.
12.
Bell, D. ( 1976). The coming of post-industrial society. New York, NY: Basic Books.
13.
Borgatti, S.P., & Foster, P.C. ( 2003). The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology. Journal of Management, 29, 991-1013.
14.
Brass, D.J. ( 2000). Social capital and organizational leadership. In S. J. Zaccaro & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), The nature of organizational leadership (pp. 132-152). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
15.
Brookfield, S. ( 2001). Repositioning ideology critique in a critical theory of adult learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(1), 7-22.
16.
Burawoy, M. ( 1979). Manufacturing consent: Changes in the labor process under monopoly capitalism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
17.
Caligiuri, P.M., & Day, D.V. ( 2000). Effects of self-monitoring on technical, contextual, and assignment-specific performance: A study of cross-national work performance ratings. Group & Organization Management, 25, 154-174.
18.
Cardinal, L.B., Sitkin, S.B., & Long, C.P. ( 2005). Balancing and rebalancing in the creation and evolution of organizational control. Organization Science, 15, 411-432.
19.
Carroll, B., Levy, L., & Richmond, D. ( 2008). Leadership as practice: Challenging the competency paradigm . Leadership, 4, 363-379.
20.
Chenhall, R.H. ( 2003). Management control systems design within its organizational context: Findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future . Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(2-3), 127-168.
21.
Chia, R., & Holt, R. ( 2006). Strategy as practical coping: A Heideggerian perspective . Organization Studies, 27, 635-655.
22.
Child, J., & McGrath, R. ( 2001). Organizations unfettered: Organizational form in an information-intensive economy. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1135-1148.
23.
Clarke, M., and Butcher, D. ( 2006). Reconciling hierarchy and democracy: The value of management learning. Management Learning, 37(3), 313-333.
24.
Cludts, S. ( 1999). Organization theory and the ethics of participation. Journal of Business Ethics, 21, 157-171.
25.
Collinson, D.L. ( 1992). Managing the shopfloor: Subjectivity, masculinity and workplace culture. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
26.
Costea, B., Crump, N., & Amiridis, K. ( 2008). Managerialism, the therapeutic habitus and the self in comtemporary organizing. Human Relations, 61, 661-685.
27.
Cropanzano, R., James, K., & Citera, M. ( 1992). A goal hierarchy model of personality, motivation, and leadership. Research in Organizational Behavior, 15, 267-322.
28.
Crozier, M. ( 1964). The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
29.
Cyert, R.M., & March, J.G. ( 1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
30.
Dahl, R.A. ( 1984). Democracy in the workplace. Dissent, 31(1), 54-60.
31.
Deetz, S. ( 1992). Democracy in an age of corporate colonization: Developments in communication and the politics of everyday life. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
32.
Denison, D.R. ( 1984). Bringing corporate culture to the bottom line. Organizational Dynamics, 13(2), 5-22.
33.
Dewey, J. ( 1938). Logic, the theory of inquiry. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
34.
DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. ( 1991). Introduction. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 1-33). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
35.
Donnellon, A., & Scully, M. ( 1994). Teams performance and rewards: Will the postbureaucratic organization be a post-meritocratic organization? In C. Heckscher & A. Donnellon (Eds.), The post-bureaucratic organization (pp. 63-90). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
36.
Durkheim, E. ( 1933). The division of labor in society. New York, NY: Free Press.
37.
Edwards, P., & Scullion, H. ( 1982). The social organization of industrial conflict. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Engeström, Y., Engeström, R., & Vahaaho, T. ( 1999). When the center does not hold: The importance of knotworking . In S. Chaiklin, M. Hedegaard, & U. J. Jensen (Eds.), Activity theory and social practice: Cultural-historical approaches (pp. 345-374). Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
40.
Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. ( 2005). From ideal to real: A longitudinal study of the role of implicit leadership theories on leader-member exchanges and employee outcomes . Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 659-676.
41.
Ezzamel, M., & Willmott, H. ( 1998). Accounting for teamwork: A critical study of group-based systems of organizational control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 358-396.
42.
Fama, E.F., & Jensen, M.C. ( 1983). Agency problems and residual claims. Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301-326.
43.
Fayol, H. ( 1949). General and industrial management (C. Storrs, Trans.). London, UK: Pitman.
44.
Fisher, K. ( 1999). Leading self-directed work teams: A guide to developing new team leadership skills. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
45.
Foucault, M. ( 1988). An aesthetics of existence. In L. D. Kritzman (Ed.), Foucault: Politics, philosophy, culture, interviews and other writings 1977-1984 (pp. 47-56). New York, NY : Routledge, Chapman & Hall.
46.
Foucault, M. ( 1980a). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977 (C. Gordon, ed.). New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
47.
Foucault, M. ( 1980b). The history of sexuality Vol 1: An introduction. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
48.
Foucault, M. ( 1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (2nd ed.; A. M. Sheridan, Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage Books.
49.
Gargiulo, M., Ertug, G., & Galunic, C. ( 2009). The two faces of control: Network closure and individual performance among knowledge workers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 299-333.
50.
Gergen, K.J., & Gergen, M.M. ( 1988). Narrative and the self as relationship. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 17-56). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
51.
Giddens, A. ( 1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
52.
Goffman, E. ( 1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
53.
Gouldner, A.W. ( 1970). The coming crisis of Western sociology. London, UK: Heinemann.
54.
Gramsci, A. ( 1995). Further selections from the prison notebooks: Antonio Gramsci (D. Boothman, Ed.), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
55.
Greenberg, E.S. ( 1975). The consequences of worker participation: A clarification of the theoretical literature. Social Science Quarterly, 56, 191-209.
56.
Grey, C., & Garsten, C. ( 2001). Trust, control and post-bureacuracy. Organization Studies, 22, 229-250.
Gronn, P. ( 2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 423-451.
59.
Guzzo, R.A., & Dickson, M.W. ( 1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 307-338.
60.
Habermas, J. ( 1974). Theory and practice. London, UK: Heinemann.
61.
Habermas, J. ( 1984). The theory of communicative action. Vol. 1: Reason and the rationalization of society (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
62.
Heckscher, C. ( 1994). Defining the post-bureaucratic type. In C. Heckscher & A. Donnellon (Eds.), The post-bureaucratic organization (pp. 14-62). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
63.
Hennart, J.F. ( 1989). Can the "new forms of investment" substitute for the "old forms": A transaction cost perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 211-234.
64.
Henriques, J., Hollway, W. , Urwin, C., Venn, C., & Walkerdine, V. (Eds.). (1984). Changing the subject. London, UK: Methuen.
65.
Heron, J. ( 1992). Feeling and personhood: Psychology in another key. London, UK: SAGE.
66.
Heydebrand, R. ( 1989). New organizational forms. Work and Occupations , 16, 323-357.
67.
Hodgson, D.E. ( 2004). Project work: The legacy of bureaucratic control in the postbureaucratic organization. Organization, 11(1), 81-100.
68.
Honey, C. ( 2006). Community weaving: Creative solutions to a new century . Bothell, WA: Family Support Network, International.
69.
Jackall, R. ( 1988). Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
70.
Jaques, E. ( 1990). In praise of hierarchy. Harvard Business Review, 68(1), 137-143.
Jermier, J.M., Knights, D., & Nord, W.R. ( 1994). Resistance and power in organizations: Agency, subjectivity, and the labour process. London, UK: Routledge.
Judge, W.Q. ( 1999). The leader’s shadow: Exploring and developing executive character. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE .
75.
Katzenbach, J.R., & Smith, D.K. ( 1993). The wisdom of teams: Creating high-performance organization . Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
76.
Kelleher, H. ( 1997, Spring). A culture of commitment. Leader to Leader, 4, 20-24.
77.
Kirkman, B.L., & Rosen, B. ( 1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
78.
Kirkman, B.L., & Shapiro, D.L. ( 1997). The impact of cultural values on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of globalized self-managing work team effectiveness . Academy of Management Review, 22, 730-757.
79.
Knights, D. ( 2002). Writing organizational analysis into Foucault. Organization, 9, 575-593.
80.
Knights, D., & Wilmott, H. ( 1987). Organizational culture as corporate strategy. International Studies of Management and Organization, 17(3), 40-63.
81.
Knights, D., Willmott, H. , & Collinson, D. L. (Eds.). (1985). Job redesign: Critical perspectives on the labour process. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
82.
Knowles, M. ( 1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
83.
Krebs, V., & Holley, J. ( 2002-2006). Building smart communities through network weaving . Retrieved from http://www.orgnet.com/BuildingNetworks.pdf
84.
Lacombe, D. ( 1996). Reforming Foucault: A critique of the social control thesis. British Journal of Sociology, 47, 332-352.
85.
Lane, R.E. ( 1985). From political to industrial democracy? Polity, 17, 623-648.
86.
Lazega, E. ( 2001). The collegial phenomenon: The social mechanisms of cooperation among peers in a corporate law partnership. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
87.
Lebas, M., & Weigenstein, J. (1986). Management control: The roles of rules, markets and culture. Journal of Management Studies, 23, 259-272.
88.
Lianos, M. ( 2003). Social control after Foucault. Surveillance & Society, 1, 412-430.
89.
Lim, B. ( 1995). Examining the organizational culture and organizational performance link. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 16(5), 16-21
90.
Lord, R.G., Brown, D.J., & Freiberg, S.J. (1999). Understanding the dynamics of leadership: The role of follower self-concepts in the leader/follower relationship . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 167-203.
91.
Malnight, T. ( 2001). Emerging structural patterns within multinational corporations: Toward process-based structures. Academy of Management Journal , 44, 1187-1210.
92.
Manz, C.C., Shipper, F., & Stewart, G.L. ( 2009). Everyone a team leader: Shared influence at W. L. Gore & Associates. Organizational Dynamics, 38, 239-244.
93.
Manz, C.C., & Sims, H.P. ( 1990). Superleadership: Leading others to lead themselves. New York, NY: Berkeley Books.
94.
McClosky, H., & Zaller, J. ( 1985). The American ethos: Public attitudes toward capitalism and democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95.
McGovern, P., Hill, S., Mills, C., & White, M. ( 2007). Market, class and employment. Oxford , UK: Oxford University Press.
96.
Mead, G.H. ( 1934). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
97.
Merton, R.K. ( 1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 18, 560-568.
98.
Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, B. ( 1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340-363.
99.
Miller, K.I., & Monge, P.R. ( 1986). Participation, satisfaction, and productivity: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 727-753.
100.
Mintzberg, H. ( 1973). The nature of managerial work. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
101.
Mintzberg, H. ( 1979). The structuring of organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
102.
Mintzberg, H. ( 1980). Structuring in 5’s: A synthesis of the research on organization design. Management Science, 26, 322-341.
103.
Morand, D.A. ( 1995). The role of behavioral formality and informality in the enactment of bureaucratic versus organic organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20, 831-872.
104.
Morgaine, C. ( 1994). Enlightenment for emancipation: A critical theory of self-formation. Family Relations, 43, 325-335.
105.
Morrison, E.W., & Milliken, F.J. (2003). Speaking up, remaining silent: The dynamics of voice and silence in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1353-1358.
106.
Mueller, F. ( 1994). Teams between hierarchy and commitment: Change strategies and the "internal environment." Journal of Management Studies , 31, 383-403.
107.
O’Doherty, D., & Willmott, H. ( 2001). Debating labour process theory: The issue of subjectivity and the relevance of poststructuralism. Sociology, 35, 457-476.
Ogbor, J.O. ( 2001). Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture . Journal of Organizational Change Management, 14, 590-608.
110.
O’Reilly, C.O. ( 1989). Corporations, culture, and commitment: Motivation and social control in organizations. California Management Review , 31(4), 9-35.
111.
Ouchi, W.G. ( 1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 25, 833-848.
Ouchi, W.G. ( 1981). Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
114.
Parker, M., & Slaughter, J. ( 1988). Choosing sides: Unions and the team concept. Boston, MA: South End Press.
115.
Payne, J.W. ( 1976). Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An information search and protocol analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 366-387.
116.
Perrow, C. ( 1970). Organizational analysis: A sociological view. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
117.
Peters, T.J., & Waterman, R.H. (1982). In search of excellence . New York, NY: Harper & Row .
118.
Pfeffer, J. ( 1981). Management as symbolic action: The creation and maintenance of organizational paradigms. In L. L. Cummings & B. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 13, pp. 1-52). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
119.
Plastrik, P., & Taylor, M. ( 2004-2007). NET GAINS: A handbook for network builders seeking social change. Boston, MA: Barr Foundation.
120.
Poster, M. ( 1990). The mode of information: Poststructuralism and social context. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press .
121.
Raelin, J.A. ( 2003). Creating leaderful organizations: How to bring out leadership in everyone. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
122.
Raelin, J.A. ( 2008). Emancipatory discourse and liberation. Management Learning, 39, 519-540.
123.
Raelin, J.A. ( 2001). Public reflection as the basis of learning. Management Learning, 32(1), 11-30.
124.
Raelin, J.A. ( 2010). The leaderful fieldbook: Strategies and activities for developing leadership in everyone. Boston, MA: Davies-Black.
125.
Raelin, J.A. ( 2005). We the leaders In order to form a leaderful organization. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies , 12(2), 18-31.
126.
Ray, C.A. ( 1986). Corporate culture: The last frontier of control? Journal of Management Studies, 23, 287-297.
127.
Reed, M. ( 1992). The sociology of organizations: Themes, perspectives and prospects. London, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
128.
Rosen, M., & Baroudi, J. ( 1992). Computer-based technology and the emergence of new forms of control. In A. Sturdy, D. Knights, & H. Willmott (Eds.), Skill and consent: Contemporary studies in the labour process (pp. 213-234). London, UK: Routledge .
129.
Rouleau, L. ( 2005). Micro-practices of strategic sensemaking and sensegiving: How middle managers interpret and sell change every day. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 1413-1441.
130.
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. ( 2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist , 55(1), 68-78.
131.
Schneider, M. ( 2002). A stakeholder model of organizational leadership. Organization Science, 13, 209-220.
132.
Scott, W.R. ( 1992). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
133.
Seabright, M.A., & Delacroix, J. ( 1996). The minimalist organization as a postbureaucratic form: The example of Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Management Inquiry, 5, 140-154.
134.
Sewell, G. ( 1998). The discipline of teams: The control of team-based industrial work through electronic and peer surveillance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 397-428.
135.
Sewell, G., & Wilkinson, B. ( 1992). `Someone to watch over me’: Surveillance, discipline and the just-in-time labour process. Sociology, 26(2), 271-289.
136.
Sinclair, A. ( 1994). The tyranny of team ideology. Organization Studies, 13, 611-646.
137.
Sitkin, S.B., & George, E. ( 2005). Managerial trust-building through the use of legitimating formal and informal control mechanisms. International Sociology , 20, 307-338.
138.
Snell, S.A. ( 1992). Control theory in strategic human resource management: The mediating effect of administrative information. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 292-327.
139.
Soeters, J.L. ( 1986). Excellent companies as social movements. Journal of Management Studies, 23, 299-312.
140.
Sosik, J.J., Jung, D., & Dinger, S.L. ( 2009). Values in authentic action: Examining the roots and rewards of altruistic leadership. Group & Organization Management , 34, 395-431.
Spreitzer, G.M. ( 1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment . Academy of Management Journal, 39, 483-504.
143.
Spreitzer, G.M., & Mishra, A.K. ( 1999). Giving up control without losing control: Trust and its substitutes’ effects on managers’ involving employees in decision making. Group & Organization Management, 24, 155-187.
144.
Storey, J. ( 1985). The means of management control. Sociology , 19, 193-211.
145.
Stryker, S., & Serpe, R.T. ( 1982). Commitment, identity saliency, and role behavior: A theory and research example. In W. Ickes & E. S. Knowles (Eds.), Personality, roles, and social behavior (pp. 199-218). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
146.
Styhre, A. ( 2008). Management control in bureaucratic and postbureaucratic organizations: A Lacanian perspective. Group & Organization Management, 33, 635-656.
147.
Sunder, S. ( 2002). Management control, expectations, common knowledge, and culture. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 14, 173-187.
148.
Thompson, J.D. ( 1967). Organizations in action. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
149.
Townley, B. ( 1993). Foucault, power/knowledge, and its relevance for human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 18, 518-545.
150.
Tsoukas, H., & Chia, R. ( 2002). On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change. Organization Science, 13, 567-582.
151.
Turcotte, W.E. ( 1974). Control systems, performance, and satisfaction in two state agencies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(1), 60-73.
152.
Uhl-Bien, M. ( 2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 654-676.
153.
Uzzi, B. ( 1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly , 42, 35-67.
154.
Vázquez, X.H. ( 2006). An eclectic explanation of shopfloor control using efficiency and power theories. Organization Studies, 27, 1421-1446.
155.
Vince, R. ( 2002). The impact of emotion on organizational learning. Human Resource Development International, 5(1), 73-85.
156.
Vlaar, P.W.L., van den Bosch, F.A.J., & Volberda, H.W. (2007). On the evolution of trust, distrust, and formal coordination and control in interorganzational relationships: Toward an integrative framework. Group & Organization Management, 32, 407-429.
157.
Vroom, V.H., & Yetton, P.W. ( 1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
158.
Walton, R. ( 1985). From "control" to "commitment" in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 63(2), 77-84.
159.
Weber, M. ( 1947). The theory of social and economic organization. New York, NY: Free Press.
160.
Weedon, C. ( 1987). Feminist practice & poststructuralist theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
161.
Weibel, A. ( 2007). Formal control and trustworthiness: Shall the twain never meet? Group & Organization Management, 32, 500-517.
162.
Wenger, E. ( 1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
163.
Williamson, O.E. ( 1975). Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications . New York, NY: Free Press.
164.
Williamson, O.E. ( 1985). The economic institution of capitalism. New York, NY: Free Press.
165.
Willmott, H. ( 1997). Rethinking management and managerial work: Capitalism, control, and subjectivity. Human Relations, 50, 1329-1359.
166.
Yanow, D. ( 2006). Talking about practices: On Julian Orr’s talking about machines. Organization Studies, 27, 1743-1756.
167.
Young, I.M. ( 2000). Inclusion and democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
168.
Zuboff, S. ( 1988). In the age of the smart machine. New York, NY: Basic Books.
169.
Zucker, L. G. (Ed.). (1988). Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
