I Don’t Care Much as Long as I Am Also on Facebook

Abstract

This research investigated the impacts of social media use while being with a partner on the perception of relationship problems experienced by the other partner. The results from the partial least squares regression indicated that individuals who perceived that their partners used social media excessively tended to report a higher perception of lack of caring, loneliness, and jealousy. However, only lack of caring was found to be the key reason that significantly explained the intention to break up. In addition, the analysis of the moderating effect revealed interesting evidence showing that the perception of relationship problems associated with social media use of own partners appeared to be more severe for the respondents who reported that they used social media less intensively than their partners. Conversely, for the respondents who reported that they used social media to a greater degree than their partners, the impacts on the perceived relationship problems were significantly lessened.

Keywords

social media couple relationship problems

At the present time, physical distance does not seem to be a major obstacle for couples who want to maintain their romantic relationships because advances in social media technology allow people to stay connected with their loved ones no matter where they are located (Saslow, Muise, Impett, & Dubin, 2012; Utz & Beukeboom, 2011). Despite this benefit that social media provides, a growing body of research has shown that social media can cause problems that make romantic relationships unhealthy (Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013; Marshall, Bejanyan, Di Castro, & Lee, 2013; Utz & Beukeboom, 2011). In particular, relationship problems inevitably arise when individuals spend an excessive amount of time on social media rather than paying attention to or spending quality time with their partners when they are together. The perception of being ignored due to this behavior of the loved one not only brings about negative feelings toward a partner but can also trigger conflicts that damage love relationships eventually.

Given the potential that an excessive use of social media while being with a partner might impair relationship quality, the objective of this research is to investigate the consequence of such behavior on three aspects of relationship problems including (1) loneliness, (2) lack of caring, and (3) jealousy. The study will also explore whether these three relationship problems consequently associate with the intention to break up. Although the impacts of social media use on these three problems were previously found in the literature (Hand, Thomas, Buboltz, Deemer, & Buyanjargal, 2013; Marshall et al., 2013; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009), results obtained from existing research were largely based on the assessment of the social media use of only one partner: either an individual’s own use or a partner’s use. However, assessing social media use from only one side might provide an incomplete view of this phenomenon. Some questions could be raised, for example, if both partners used social media intensively while being together, could it be possible that each of them would not care much about the social media behavior of the other partner, thereby making these relationship problems less severe than when social media was used intensively by only one partner? Although the study by Hand, Thomas, Buboltz, Deemer, and Buyanjargal (2013) is one exception that assessed social media use of both partners, the authors failed to explore the interaction between an individual’s own social media use and a partner’s social media use that might influence the relationship outcomes. This issue, therefore, is the prime research question that the present study aims to address.

Research Background and Hypotheses

Although previous research normally employs the amount of time spent on social media as the indicator that causes relationship problems, the present study focuses on the issue when individuals perceive that their partners excessively use social media to interact with other people during the time when they are together. The conceptualization of social media use in this sense also involves the tendency of individuals to pay more attention to activities in social media than paying attention to their partners during the activities they normally do together.

Because interpersonal interaction and caring are among the critical ingredients for love couples to maintain healthy relationships (Ahmetoglu, Swami, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2010), excessive use of social media while individuals are with their partners could be considered an inappropriate behavior that causes serious relationship problems. In fact, research has shown that too much social media use can damage the quality of interpersonal interactions that individuals develop with other people in real life (Charoensukmongkol, 2015). In love relationships, being overwhelmed by social media use may cause individuals to care less about their partners while being together. Use of social media in this sense also lowers the amount of quality time that individuals spend with their partners, thereby causing relationship intimacy to be impaired (Hand et al., 2013). The feeling of being ignored by a loved one who is obsessed with social media can cause a partner to feel lonely, even when the couple is physically together. Moreover, witnessing that a loved one uses social media to interact with other people too much can engender distrust and jealousy, thereby triggering a partner to engage in unhealthy behaviors, such as spying or monitoring social media activities of the loved one (Muise et al., 2009; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2014). On the whole, these relationship problems that a partner experiences can eventually result in a higher tendency to break up and divorce (Clayton et al., 2013).

Given that previous research has shown that there are negative consequences of social media use, this study proposed that individuals who perceive that their partners use social media excessively while with them are more likely to experience three relationship problems: (1) loneliness, (2) lack of caring, and (3) jealousy. According to previous literature, these three issues are among the major reasons that trigger the intention to break up and divorce (Baxter, 1986; Gigy & Kelly, 1993; Guerrero & Andersen, 1995; Sprecher, 1994). However, the authors further argue the proposal that the social media use of a partner will make individuals experience these relationship problems could be more obvious when the person who evaluates the relationship problems tends to use social media to a lesser degree than his or her partner. For example, when the individual does not or rarely uses social media while being with the partner, he or she tends to be more sensitive when perceiving that the partner spends an excessive time on social media rather than paying attention to him or her. On a contrary, the negative impacts of social media use of a partner on perceived relationship problems can be lessened when the person who evaluates the relationship problems tends to use social media to a degree that is more excessive than his or her partner uses when they are together. In this scenario, the individual may not pay much attention to or may not care much about the social media behavior of the partner because he or she also enjoys social media use. Thus, the authors predict that the perceived relationship problems caused by excessive social media use of a partner will be lower in this case. Given this possibility, the following hypotheses are proposed:

Hypothesis 1: A partner’s use of social media positively associates with the perception of (a) loneliness, (b) lack of caring, and (c) jealousy that the respondent experiences.

Hypothesis 2: (a) Loneliness, (b) lack of caring, and (c) jealousy that the respondent experiences will positively associate with the intention to break up.

Hypothesis 3: The association between a partner’s use of social media and the perception of (a) loneliness, (b) lack of caring, and (c) jealousy that the respondent experiences will be lower in the respondent who uses social media more intensively than his or her partner.

Method

Sample and Data Collection Procedure

The sample for this research included both married individuals and single individuals who were in current love relationships. The sample was obtained using the snowball sampling technique. Graduate students at the public university in Thailand were asked to distribute the survey to their friends, colleagues, or relatives who were already married or in love relationships. The authors obtained a total of 256 completed surveys for analysis. Descriptive characteristics of the sample are reported in Table 1.

Table 1.

Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample.

Age (years)	Mean: 36
Age (years)	SD: 6.886
Gender	Male: 72 (28%)
Gender	Female: 184 (72%)
Marital status	Single: 78 (30%)
Marital status	Married: 178 (70%)
Length of relationship	Less than 1 year: 14 (6%)
	1–2 Years: 26 (10%)
	3–4 Years: 35 (14%)
	5–6 Years: 38 (15%)
	7–8 Years: 21 (8%)
	8–9 Years: 8 (3%)
	10 Years or more: 114 (44%)
Live with a partner	Yes: 69 (27%)
Live with a partner	No: 187 (73%)
Have children with a partner	Yes: 117 (46%)
Have children with a partner	No: 139 (54%)

With respect to the characteristics of the relationships in the sample, the majority (70%) of the respondents were married. Among all married respondents, the majority reported that they had been in their relationships for more than 10 years, lived with their partners, and had children. Among single respondents (30%), the majority reported that they had been in a relationship for 3–4 years, did not live with their partners, and did not have children. Information regarding the relationship characteristics of the respondents classified by marital status is reported in Table 2.

Table 2.

Relationship Characteristics Classified by Marital Status.

	Marital Status
Characteristics	Single	Married
Length of relationship
Less than 1 year	11	3
1–2 years	17	9
3–4 years	19	16
5–6 years	16	22
7–8 years	7	14
9–10 years	2	6
10 years or more	6	108
Live with a partner
Yes	19	168
No	59	10
Have children with a partner
Yes	0	117
No	78	61

Measures

The measures of all constructs used in this research were developed by the authors. The question items are shown in Appendix 1. To ensure the clarity of the questions, they were pilot tested with the graduate students prior to actual data collection. Partners’ social media use was measured using seven questions that asked the respondents to assess the degree to which they felt that their partners used social media excessively with other people while they were together. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1: never, 5: always). The respondents’ own social media use intensity was measured using seven questions similar to the questions that measured their partners’ social media use. The respondents were asked to self-evaluate to what extent they used social media more or less intensively than their partners. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1: a lot less, 5: a lot more).

Lack of caring, loneliness, and jealousy were measured by asking the respondents to evaluate the extent to which they felt that the degree of their partners’ social media use that they assessed earlier made them experience each of these relationship problems. Lack of caring was measured using 6 questions, loneliness was measured using 6 questions, and jealousy was measured using 12 questions. All questions were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1: never, 5: a lot). Intention to break up was measured by asking the respondents to evaluate to what extent they felt that their love relationships with current partners were difficult to continue. It was measured using three questions that were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1: very unlikely, 5: very likely).

In addition to the main predictors, several control variables that might affect all dependent variables were incorporated into the analysis. Control variables that were demographic characteristics included age and gender of the respondents. Age was measured in years. Gender was measured as a dummy variable, whereby male was coded as 1 and female was coded as 0. Control variables that were relationship characteristics included length of relationship, marital status, whether a respondent lived with a partner, and whether a respondent had children with a partner. Length of relationship was measured on the ordinal scale. Marital status, whether a respondent lived with a partner, and whether a respondent had children with a partner were measured as dummy variables whereby “yes” was coded as 1 and “no” was coded as 0.

Statistical Analysis

The study used partial least squares (PLS) regression to analyze the data (Chin & Newsted, 1999). PLS provided greater flexibility than other structural equation modeling techniques because it did not require data to be normally distributed (Kline, 2005). It was suitable for this study because the results from the Jarque–Bera test of normality indicated that all main constructs in the hypotheses were not normally distributed. PLS estimation was performed using WarpPLS, Version 5.0.

Results

Reliability and validity tests for all latent variables were conducted before estimating the PLS model. First, construct reliability was determined from Cronbach’s α and composite reliability coefficients. As show in Table 3, all coefficients met the minimum requirement of .7 (Nunnally, 1978). Second, convergent validity was determined using factor loading. As shown in Appendix 1, every construct had a factor loading above .5, which was satisfactory according to Hair, Black, Babin, and Anderson (2009). Third, a discriminant validity test was assessed by comparing whether the square root of the average variance extracted of each construct was greater than other correlations involving that construct (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). The results, as shown in Table 3, satisfy this requirement. Table 3 also reports correlations among all of the variables in the analysis.

Table 3.

Correlation Between Variables and Square Root of Average Variance Extracted.

Variable	Composite Reliability Coefficients	Cronbach’s α Coefficients	PSMU	LC	JLS	LONE	IBU	OSMU	LR	MAR	CHD	LT	MALE	AGE
PSMU	.952	.941	(.86)	.448**	.183**	.442**	.155*	−.286**	.045	.073	.052	.1	.134	.027
LC	.965	.946		(.95)	.337**	.637**	.448**	−.078	.031	.05	.077	.094	.005	.04
JLS	.969	.964			(.849)	.539**	.266**	.009	−.215**	−.208**	−.206**	−.18**	−.164**	−.216**
LONE	.975	.969				(.932)	.313**	−.095	−.117	−.039	−.095	−.03	−.055	−.11
IBU	.893	.821					(.858)	.045	−.165**	−.175**	−.033	−.125*	.103	.026
OSMU	.975	.97						(.92)	−.029	−.119	−.076	−.062	−.28**	−.124*
LR	—	—							(1)	.549**	.37**	.419**	−.002	.445**
MAR	—	—								(1)	.53**	.726**	−.058	.436**
CHD	—	—									(1)	.375**	−.06	.522**
LT	—	—										(1)	−.051	.347
MALE	—	—											(1)	.073**
AGE	—	—												(1)

Note. Square roots of average variance extracted from latent variables are shown in parentheses. PSMU = partner’s social media use; LC = lack of caring; JLS = jealousy; LONE = loneliness; IBU = intention to break up; OSMU = own social media use; LR = length of relationship; MAR = married; CHD = respondent has kid with a partner; LT = respondent live with a partner; MALE = male dummy variable; AGE = age.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Finally, multicollinearity was evaluated using the full collinearity variance inflation factor (VIF). The full collinearity VIF test was more robust than the traditional VIF test because it assessed vertical and lateral collinearity simultaneously. According to Kock and Lynn (2012), the full collinearity VIF test can be used to capture the possibility of common method bias in the PLS model. The analysis showed that the full collinearity VIF of all variables ranged from 1.095 to 2.949, which was below the minimum requirement of 3.3 as suggested by Petter, Straub, and Rai (2007).

Results from the PLS analysis are reported in Figure 1. Hypotheses 1a–1c predicted that partners’ social media use would positively associate with the loneliness, lack of caring, and jealousy, respectively, that the respondents experience. The results statistically confirm its positive association with loneliness (β = .453; p ≤ .001), lack of caring (β = .436; p ≤ .001), and jealousy (β = .222; p ≤ .001). Thus, Hypotheses 1a–1c are supported.

Figure 1.

Partial least squares results.

Hypotheses 2a–2c predicted that loneliness, lack of caring, and jealousy, respectively, would positively relate to the intention to break up. The results indicate that the intention to break up positively and significantly associated with lack of caring (β = .428; p ≤ .001) and jealousy (β = .122; p = .055). Contrary to the hypothesis, the intention to break up was found to associate negatively with loneliness (β = −.024; p = .41). However, only the association with lack of caring was statistically significant. Therefore, only Hypothesis 2b is supported, while Hypotheses 2a and 2b are not supported.

Finally, Hypotheses 3a–3c predicted that the positive effect of partners’ social media use on the loneliness, lack of caring, and jealousy, respectively, that the respondents perceive would be less positive if the respondents used social media to a degree that was greater than their partners. The results showed that the interaction terms between partners’ social media use and individuals’ own social media use negatively and significantly affected loneliness (β = −.131; p ≤ .01), lack of caring (β = −.126; p ≤ .05), and jealousy (β = −.103; p ≤ .05). Thus, Hypotheses 3a–3c are all supported.

Figure 2 presents the nature of the moderating effects. The illustrations were generated using WarpPLS software. All illustrations show that the trend lines between partners’ social media use and three outcome variables are steeper in the group of respondents who reported that they used social media to a lesser degree than their partners. For those who reported that they used social media to a greater degree than their partners, the trend lines appear to be less positive. Overall, these illustrations are consistent with the statistical findings reported earlier.

Figure 2.

Moderating effects.

Finally, the effect of statistically significant control variables was found as follows. Loneliness negatively associated with the length of relationship (β = −.123; p ≤ .05) and the male dummy variable (β = −.111; p ≤ .05). Jealousy negatively associated with the male dummy variable (β = −.198; p ≤ .001). Intention to break up negatively associated with length of relationship (β = −.141; p ≤ .05), but positively associated with the male dummy variable (β = .115; p ≤ .05) and age (β = .146; p ≤ .05).

Discussion

The present research investigated the impacts of social media use while being with a partner on the perception of relationship problems experienced by the other partner. The results from the PLS analysis supported the proposal that individuals who perceived that their partners used social media excessively tended to report a higher perception of lack of caring, loneliness, and jealousy. However, only lack of caring was found to be the key reason that significantly explained the intention to break up. Generally, the results that supported the negative impacts of social media use of a partner were consistent with the findings in previous studies (Clayton et al., 2013; Marshall et al., 2013; Utz & Beukeboom, 2011). However, the analysis of the moderating effect revealed interesting evidence showing that the perception of relationship problems associated with social media use of own partners appeared to be more severe for the respondents who reported that they used social media less intensively than their partners. Conversely, for the respondents who reported that they used social media to a greater degree than their partners, the impacts on the perceived relationship problems were significantly lessened.

In particular, this new finding provided crucial implications for future research. While previous studies normally explored social media use from only one partner, the authors suggested that it was important to consider the interaction between individuals’ own social media use and their partners’ social media use in order to obtain a more complete picture of the impacts that social media behavior had on relationship outcomes. This is because in reality, social media use is not limited to just one partner; both partners can use social media at the same time while they are together. In fact, this phenomenon is quite normal in today’s society where we can easily observe many love couples who spend time together but chose to pay attention to their own social media use rather than interacting with each other. When individuals enjoy their own social media experiences, they may have less concern about the relationship issues caused by the social media use of their partners. They may not care much whether their partners pay attention to them or whether both of them engage in interpersonal communication or participate in activities together. Alternatively, it is also possible that using social media may serve as a way to help individuals cope with negative feelings from being ignored by their partners who are obsessed with social media. When individuals use social media to mitigate such feelings, their perceptions of their relationship problems may be lessened albeit not completely eliminated.

Despite the contribution that the study has made, there are some research limitations that need to be declared. First, using a nonprobability sampling technique can raise a concern as to whether the sample is a true representation of the entire population. Second, the analysis was based on cross-sectional data, thereby making causality between the constructs difficult to infer. Third, although the analysis showed that the validity and reliability of all constructs were satisfactory, the scales used in the questionnaire have not been validated yet. Fourth, using self-reported measures can cause subjective bias in the data. Given these limitations, the results provided in this research should be interpreted with caution. Lastly, because this research focused on Thai respondents, it is possible that cultural characteristics of Thai people influenced their perception of the influence of social media on romantic relationships. For example, Thailand is among the countries that have the highest rate of social media use, in which 56% of the population have an active social network account (Statista, 2015). The collectivist nature and common tendency for Thai people to have strong attachments to social media (Charoensukmongkol, 2014) may explain why individuals who enjoy their social media experiences may be less concerned about relationship issues that arise because of their partners’ use of social media. Thus, future research needs to replicate the study in different cultures to investigate whether the findings are consistent with these.

This research also has implications for couples and family therapy practices. Although social media can serve as a channel through which couples and family members can communicate closely with each other, considering the detrimental effects that unhealthy habits of social media use may have on the quality of interpersonal relationships, interventions are required to prevent this problem. From a clinical perspective, social media addiction is considered a mental health problem that may require professional treatment (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). The primary recommendation that therapists need to provide to couples who experience this problem is to inform them about the negative influences of unhealthy social media behavior on the quality of their relationships and to suggest that they reduce the amount of time that they spend on social media while together. This will help reduce the likelihood that these couples will be distracted from engaging in real-world relationships. Moreover, it is necessary for therapists to work closely with these couples to evaluate and address the underlying reasons for excessive use of social media in order to help them mitigate relationship problems effectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research has shown that an individual’s excessive use of social media while being with a partner could be an inappropriate behavior that causes relationship problems. However, the degree of relationship problems associated with this behavior is contingent on the degree of social media use of both partners. However, regardless of who uses social media more or less intensively than the other, in the end, this behavior inevitably impairs the perception of relationship quality. Therefore, it is important for individuals to beware of their own social media use when they are with their loved ones in order to avoid the negative consequences that might follow.

Footnotes

Appendix 1

Partner’s social media use (1: never, 5: always)

Your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people when he or she was with you (.84).

Your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people while doing an activity with you (.879).

Your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people when he or she went out with you (.903).

Your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people while having a meal with you (.851).

When together, your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people rather than talking to you (.881).

When together, your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people and did not pay attention to you (.844).

You noticed that your partner liked to use social media to interact with other people whenever he or she had a chance (.819).

Own social media use (1: a lot less, 5: a lot more).

You liked to use social media to interact with other people when you were with your partner (.887).

You liked to use social media to interact with other people while doing an activity with your partner (.902).

You liked to use social media to interact with other people when you went out with your partner (.922).

You liked to use social media to interact with other people while having a meal with your partner (.927).

When with your partner, you liked to use social media to interact with other people rather than talking to your partner (.94).

When with your partner, you liked to use social media to interact with other people and did not pay attention to your partner (.935).

You liked to use social media to interact with other people whenever you had a chance (.927).

Lack of caring (1: never, 5: a lot).

You and your partner care for each other less than before (.934).

You and your partner are concerned less about each other’s feelings (.956).

You can feel more emotional distance between you and your partner (.959).

Loneliness (1: never, 5: a lot).

You felt lonely although your partner was with you (.865).

You felt like you were alone, although your partner was with you (.943).

You felt like no one understood you, although your partner was with you (.95).

You felt like you were left alone, although your partner was with you (.952).

You felt like you were abandoned, although your partner was with you (.936).

You felt lonesome, although your partner was with you (.941).

Jealousy (1: never, 5: a lot).

You felt jealous of your partner because you knew that he or she interacted with people in social media with whom you were not familiar (.771).

You were anxious because you knew that your partner interacted with people in social media with whom you were not familiar (.834).

You were upset because you knew that your partner interacted with people in social media with whom you were not familiar (.826).

You told your partner you did not want him or her to interact with people in social media with whom you were not familiar (.834).

You told your partner to stop contacting people in social media with whom you were not familiar (.766).

You checked your partner’s social media activities (.866).

You checked your partner’s mobile phone to see his or her social media activities (.855).

You constantly asked your partner about the people he or she was contacting in social media (.847).

Social media behavior of your partner made you feel that your partner was not honest with you (.917).

Social media behavior of your partner made you suspected that your partner was not sincere with you (.908).

You felt that your partner had contacts in social media that he or she did not want you to know (.864).

You felt that your partner has more secrets about his or her social media contacts (.88).

Intention to break up (1: very unlikely, 5: very likely).

You have realized that your relationship with your current partner should not continue (.844).

You have thought about ending the relationship with your current partner (.862).

You want to start a new relationship with another person who might be better than your current partner (.868).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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