The study assesses intergender differences in job search intensity and attitudes toward unemployment among a sample of 225 single, childless, young adult Israelis applying for their first job. The findings revealed considerable gender differences in reasons for rejecting potential jobs. Young women are more likely than young men to reject jobs due to adverse job conditions, family considerations, and masculine sex-typed employment. In contrast, young men showed a greater tendency to reject potential jobs for only one reason, that is, feminine sex-typed employment. In addition, women's nonfinancial commitment to work is higher than that of men, whereas the latter perceived unemployment as a most stigmatic situation. The more popular job search strategies used by both men and women were answering ads by phone and asking friends about potential jobs. No significant gender-based differences were found for job search intensity.
Bartell, M., & Bartell, R. (1985). An integrative perspective on the psychological response of women and men to unemployment. Journal of Economic Psychology, 6, 27-49.
2.
Baxer, J. (1975). The chronic job changer: A study of unemployment . Social and Economic Administration, 9, 184-206.
3.
Berk, R., & Berk, S.F. (1979). Labor and leisure at home. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
4.
Bola, N. (1994). What is wrong with you? Recognizing the limits of the law. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 36(3), 247-270.
5.
Blustein, D.L. (1988). The relationship between motivational process and career exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82, 345-357
6.
Cherrington, D.J. (1980). The work ethic: Working values and values that work. New York: Anacom.
7.
Corder, J., & Stephan, C.W. (1984). Females' combination of work and family roles: Adolescents' aspirations. Journal of Marriage and the Family , 46, 391-401.
8.
Crosby, F.J. (1987). Spouse, parent, worker (pp. ix-xiv). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
9.
Daniel, S. (1987). The impact of unemployment insurance and background variables on job search intensity. Unpublished master's thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
10.
De-Goede, M., & Spruijt, E. (1996). Effects of parental divorce and youth unemployment on adolescent health. Patient-Education and Counseling, 29(3), 269-276.
11.
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, M. (1985). The general causality orientation scale—self determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality , 19, 109-134.
12.
Eccles, J.S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions . Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 13-172.
13.
Erez, M., Borochov, O., & Mannheim, B. (1989). Work values of youth: Effects of sex or sex-role typing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34, 350-366.
14.
Farmer, H.S. (1985). Model of career achievement motivation for women and men. Journal of Counseling Review, 37, 183-200.
15.
Fowler, B., Littlewood, B., & Madigan, R. (1976). Immigrant school-leavers and the search for work . Sociology, 18, 336-351.
16.
Furnham, A. (1985). Youth unemployment: A review of the literature . Journal of Adolescence, 8, 109-124.
17.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18.
Ginzberg, E., Ginzberg, S.W., Axelrod, S., & Herman, J.L. (1951). Occupational choice. New York : Columbia University Press.
19.
Goh, S.C. (1991). Sex differences in perceptions of interpersonal work style, career emphasis, supervisory monitoring, and job satisfaction. Sex Roles, 21, 701-711.
20.
Golombok, S., & Fivush, R. (1994). Gender development. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
21.
Gutek, B.A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
22.
Hall, D.T. (1972). A model of coping with role conflict: The role behavior of college-educated women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 471-486.
23.
Hammarstroem, A., & Janlert, V. (1997). Nervous and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal study of youth unemployment—Selection or exposure? Journal of Adolescence, 20(3), 293-305.
24.
Harpaz, I. (1989). Nonfinancial employment commitment: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62,147-150.
25.
Harris, M.M., Heller, T., & Braddock, D. (1988). Sex differences in psychological well-being during a facility closure. Journal of Management, 14, 391-402.
26.
Helmut, F. (1994). The historical context of transition to work and youth unemployment. In A. Petersen & J. Mortimer (Eds.), Youth unemployment and society (pp. 77-94). New York: Cambridge University Press.
27.
Houchschild, A., & Machung, A. (1989). Second shift: Inside the two-job marriage. New York: Penguin Press.
28.
Israel Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. ( 1991). Women in the Israeli labor force, 1980-1990. Jerusalem.
29.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. (1997 ). Women in Israel, 1966 (a special report. Jerusalem.
30.
Izraeli, D.N. (1992). Culture, policy, and women in dual-earner families in Israel. In S. Lewis, D. N. Izraeli, & H. Hootsman (Eds.), Dual earner families: International perspective (pp. 19-45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
31.
Izraeli, D.N. (1994). Outsiders in the promised land: Women managers in Israel. In N. J. Adler & D. N. Izraeli (Eds.), Competitive frontiers: Women managers in a global economy (pp. 301-324). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
32.
Izraeli, D.N. (1999). Women in the work place. In D. N. Izraeli, A. Friedman , H. Dahan-Kalev, S. Fogel-Bijaoui, H. Herzog , M. Hasan, & R. Naveh, Sex, gender, politics: Women in Israel (pp. 217-267). Tel Aviv, Israel: Hakibbutz Hameuhad.
33.
Kaufman, H.G. (1982). Professionals in search of work: Coping with the stress of job loss and unemployment. New York: Wiley
34.
Kulik, L. (1999). Gender-related differences in job search intensity and responses to unemployment. (Research Report). Ramat-Gan, Israel: School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University .
35.
Leana, C.R., & Feldman, D.C. (1988). Individual reactions to job loss: Perceptions, reactions and coping behaviors. Journal of Management, 14, 375-389.
36.
Leana, C.R., & Feldman, D.C. (1991). Gender differences in responses to unemployment . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 65-77.
37.
Lunneborg, P.W. (1990). Women changing work. New York : Greenwood.
38.
Malen, E.A., & Stroh, L.K. (1998). The influence of gender on job loss coping behavior among unemployed managers. Journal of Employment Counseling , 35(1), 26-39.
39.
Mannheim, B., & Schiffrin, M. (1988). Family structure, job characteristic reward and strain as related to work centrality of employed and self-employed professional women with children. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 5, 83-101.
40.
Maxwell, G.S., & Cumming, J.J. (1988). Measuring occupation aspiration in research on sex differences: An overview and analysis of issues. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 60-73.
41.
Mi'ari, M. (1996). Work satisfaction and gender. International Review of Modern Sociology, 26(1), 67-69.
42.
Mishler, S.A. (1975). Barriers to the career development of women. In S. H. Osipow (Ed.), Emerging women's career analysis and outlooks (pp. 117-146). Columbus, OH : Merrill.
43.
Mottaz, C.J. (1986). Gender differences in work satisfaction: Work-related rewards and values, and the determinants of work satisfaction. Human Relations, 39(4), 359-377.
44.
Newman, J.L., Fuqua, D.P., & Minger, C.C. (1990, August). A discriminant study of gender differences on career subscales. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston.
45.
Nurmi, J.E., Salmela, A., & Ruatsalainen, H. (1994). Cognitive and attributional strategies among unemployed young adults: A use of the failure-trip strategy . European Journal of Personality, 8(2), 135-148.
46.
Patterson, L.J. (1997). Long-term unemployment amongst adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 20(3), 261-280.
47.
Peres, Y., & Katz, R. (1990). The family in Israel: Change and continuity. In L. Shamgar-Handelmann & R. Bar-Yosef (Eds.), Families in Israel (pp. 9-32). Jerusalem: Academon.
48.
Prause, J., & Dooley, D. (1997). Effect of underemployment on school-leavers' self-esteem . Journal of Adolescence, 20(3), 243-260.
49.
Sarbin, T.R., & Allen, V. (1968). Role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 488-567). Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
50.
Shamir, B. (1990). Job commitment and work centrality in Israeli society: Survey data and notes. In A. Globerson , A. Galin, & E. Rosenstein (Eds.), Human resources and industrial relations in Israel: New horizons (pp. 287-312). Tel Aviv, Israel: Ramot.
51.
Super, D.E. (1980). A life span, life space approach to career development . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13, 282-298.
52.
Sverko, B., & Super, D.E. (1995). The findings of the work importance study. In B. Sverko & D. E. Super (Eds.), Life roles, values, and careers: International findings of the work importance study (pp. 147-159). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
53.
Szinovacz, M., Eckerdt, D.J., & Vinick, B.H. (1992). Families and retirement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
54.
Turner, J.H. (1982). The structure of sociology theory (3rd ed.). Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
55.
Winefield, A.H. (1997). Introduction to the psychological effects of youth unemployment: International perspective. Journal of Adolescence , 20(3), 237-241.
