Two classical cognitive phenomena-the naming of colors and the
susceptibility to visual illusions-are known to vary across cultures.
Explanations for these intercultural differences have, in the past, cen
tured on theories of cultural learning, evolution, or relativity. A survey
of primary color names reported in this paper suggests a regular geo
graphic patterning of color naming identities which parallels the dis
tribution of eye pigmentation. It is suggested that differential color sensitivity to short wavelengths, the result of yellow ocular pigment, directly influences color naming. Moreover, this yellow pigment, which reduces chromatic abberation and is therefore advantageous to visual
acuity, produces better judgment of certain illusions. The psychophysio
logical approach tendered here explains many of the cross-cultural
differences in color naming and Muller-Lyer "susceptibility" in a
direct and parsimonious fashion.
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