A study of the 55 cultures in the Human Relations Area Files
(HRAF) 60-culture probability sample for which adequate data on
burials exists confirms the archaeologists' notion that variation in
expenditures on burials can act as a rough indication of status
hierarchies. The degree of variability in cost required to infer
hierarchy is, however, much greater than that assumed by some
archaeologists. Minor to moderate variability in expenditures may
be due to a wide variety of causes including the symbolization of
small achieved differences in status, age, gender, cause of death,
religious affiliation, and numerous idiosyncratic circumstances
and personal and social identities. Further investigation shows,
moreover, that social competition, rather than hierarchy, is the
variable that is most directly being measured, and that burial
treatment is only one of many choices for possible competitive
display. Thus, societies with considerable differences in the cost of
burial treatments always allow or encourage competition, whereas
those lacking such variability in burial treatments may or may not.
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