Neurophysiology of Cancer Pain

Twycross R. Cancer pain classification. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997; 41: 141–145.

Portenoy R.K. Cancer pain: pathophysiology and syndromes. Lancet. 1992; 339: 1026–1031.

Foley K.M. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 84–95.

Willis W.D. The Pain System: the Neural Basis of Nociceptive Transmission in the Mammalian Nervous System. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1985.

Fitzgerald M. , Lynn B. The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with myelinated axons by repeated heating. J Physiol. 1977; 265: 549–563.

Carlton S.M. , Coggeshall R.E. Nociceptive integration: does it have a peripheral component? Pain Forum. 1998; 7: 71–78.

Carpenter K.J. , Dickenson A.H. NMDA receptors and pain: hopes for novel analgesics. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999; 24: 506–508.

Dickenson A.H. Spinal cord pharmacology of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995; 75: 193–200.

Woolf C.J. , Chong M.S. Preemptive analgesia: treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg. 1993; 77: 362–379.

Willis W.D. , Westlund K.N. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1997; 14: 2–31.

Sandouk P. , Serrie A. , Urtizberea M. Morphine pharmacokinetics and pain assessment after intracerebroventricular administration in patients with terminal cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991; 49: 442–448.

Lenzi A. , Gallai G. , Gandolfini M. Intraventricular morphine in paraneoplastic painful syndrome of the cervicofacial region: experience in thirty-eight cases. Neurosurgery. 1985; 17: 6–11.

Jensen T.S. Opioids in the brain: supraspinal mechanisms in pain control. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997; 41: 123–132.

Fields H.L. , Basbaum A. Central nervous system mechanisms of pain modulation. In: Wall P.D. , Melzack R. , eds. Textbook of Pain. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1994.

Khan Z.P. , Ferguson C.N. , Jones R.M. Alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists: their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Anaesthesia. 1999; 54: 146–165.

Howe J.R. , Wan J-Y , Yaksh T.L. Selective antagonism of the antinociceptive effect of intrathecally applied alpha adrenergic agonists by intrathecal prazosin and intrathecal yohimbine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1983; 224: 552–558.

Kuraishi Y. , Hirota N. , Sato Y. Noradrenergic inhibition of the release of substance P from primary afferents in the rabbit spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 1985; 359: 177–182.

Klimscha W. , Tong C. , Eisenach J.C. Intrathecal alpha-2-adrenergic agonists stimulate acetylcholine and norepinephrine release from the spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep: an in vivo microdialysis study. Anesthesiology. 1997; 87: 110–116.

Lee Y-W , Yaksh T.L. Analysis of drug interaction between intrathecal clonidine and MK-801 in peripheral neuropathic pain rat model. Anesthesiology. 1995; 82: 741–748.

Eisenach J.C. , DuPen S. , Dubois N. Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain: the Epidural Clonidine Study Group. Pain. 1995; 61: 391–399.

Stamford J.A. Descending control of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995; 75: 217–227.

Bjurholm A. , Kreicbergs A. , Brodin E. Substance P- and CGRP: immunoreactive nerves in bone. Peptides. 1988; 9: 165–171.

Campa JA III , Payne R. The management of intractable bone pain: a clinician's perspective. Semin Nucl Med. 1992; 22: 3–10.

Foley K.M. Pain assessment and cancer pain syndromes. In: Doyle D. , Hanks G.W. , Mc Donald N. , eds. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford Medical Publications: Oxford, England; 1993: 148–165.

Adami S. Bisphosphonates in prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1997; 80: 1674–1679.

Kanis J.A. , McCloskey E.V. Bone turnover and biochemical markers in malignancy. Cancer. 1997; 80: 1538–1545.

Taube T. , Beneton M.N.C. , McCloskey E.V. Abnormal bone remodelling in patients with myelomatosis and normal biochemical indices of bone resorption. Eur J Haematol. 1992; 49: 192–198.

Ohya K. , Yamada S. , Felix R. Effect of bisphosphonates on prostaglandin synthesis by rat bone cells and mouse calvaria in culture. Clin Sci. 1985; 69: 403–411.

Fulfaro F. , Casuccio A. , Ticozzi C. The role of bisphosphonates in the treatment of painful metastatic bone disease: a review of phase III trials. Pain. 1998; 78: 157–169.

Needham P.R. , Hoskin P.J. Radiotherapy for painful bone metastases. Palliat Med. 1994; 8: 95–104.

Gilbert H.A. , Kagan A.R. , Nussbaum H. Evaluation of radiation therapy for bone metastases: pain relief and quality of life. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977; 129: 1095–1096.

Hoskin P. Using radioisotopes for bone metastases. Eur J Palliative Care. 1994; 11: 78–82.

Cervero F. , Laird J.M. Visceral pain. Lancet. 1999; 353: 2145–2148.

Cervero F. Sensory innervation of the viscera: peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiol Rev. 1994; 74: 95–138.

Cervero F. Visceral nociceptors. In: Belmonte C. , Cervero F. , eds. Neurobiology of Nociceptors. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1996: 220–240.

Cervero F. , Janig W. Visceral nociceptors: a new world order? Trends Neurosci. 1992; 15: 374–378.

Habler H-J , Janig W. , Koltzenberg M. Activation of unmyelinated afferent fibers by mechanical stimuli and inflammation of the urinary bladder in the cat. J Physiol (Lond). 1990; 425: 545–562.

McMahon S.B. , Koltzenberg M. Silent afferents and visceral pain. In: Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Chronic Pain: New Concepts and Critical Issues. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Vol 1. Seattle, Washington: IASP Press; 1994: 11–30.

Ness T.J. , Gebhart G.F. Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain. 1990; 41: 167–234.

Goligher J.C. , Hughes E.S.R. Sensibility of the rectum and colon: its role in the mechanism of anal continence. Lancet. 1951; 1–2: 543–548.

Giamberardino M.A. , Vecchiet L. Pathophysiology of visceral pain. Curr Rev Pain. 1996; 1: 23–33.

Cervero F. Pathophysiology of referred pain and hyperalgesia from viscera. In: Vecchiet L. , Albe-fessard D. , Lindblom U. , eds. New Trends in Referred Pain and Hyperalgesia, Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1993: 35–46.

Giamberardino M.A. , Vecchiet L. Experimental studies on pelvic pain. Pain Rev. 1994; 1: 104–117.

Al-Chaer E.D. , Lawand N.B. , Westlund K.N. Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. J Neurophysiol. 1996; 76: 2675–2690.

Al-Chaer E.D. , Lawand N.D. , Westlund K.N. Visceral nociceptive input into the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus: a new function for the dorsal column pathway. J Neurophysiol. 1996; 76: 2661–2674.

Al-Chaer E.D. , Feng Y. , Willis W.D. A role for the dorsal column in nociceptive visceral input into the thalamus of primates. J Neurophysiol. 1998; 79: 3143–3150.

Feng Y. , Cui M. , Al-Chaer E.D. Epigastric antinociception by cervical dorsal column lesions in rats. Anesthesiology. 1998; 89: 411–420.

Gildenberg P.L. , Hirshberg R.M. Limited myelotomy for the treatment of intractable cancer pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984; 47: 94–96.

Hirshberg R.M. , Al-Chaer E.D. , Lawand N.B. Is there a pathway in the posterior funiculus that signals visceral pain? Pain. 1996; 67: 291–305.

Nauta H.J.W. , Hewitt E. , Westlund K.N. Surgical interruption of a midline dorsal column visceral pain pathway: case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 1997; 86: 538–542.

Van Dongen R.T.M. , Crul B.J.P. , De Bock M. Long-term intrathecal infusion of morphine and morphine/bupivacaine mixtures in the treatment of cancer pain: a retrospective analysis of 51 cases. Pain. 1993; 55: 119–123.

Ischia S. , Ischia A. , Polati E. Three posterior percutaneous celiac plexus block techniques: a prospective randomized study in 61 patients with pancreatic cancer pain. Anesthesiology. 1992; 76: 534–540.

de Leon-Casasola O.A. Neurolytic blocks of the sympathetic axis for the treatment of visceral pain in cancer. Curr Rev Pain. 1999; 3: 173–177.

Ochoa J. , Torebjork H.E. , Culp W.J. Abnormal spontaneous activity in single sensory nerve fibers in humans. Muscle Nerve. 1982; 5: S74–S77.

Devor M. The pathophysiology of damaged peripheral nerves. In: Wall P.D. , Melzack R. , eds. Textbook of Pain. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1994: 79–100.

McLachlan E.M. , Jang W. , Devor M. Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature. 1993; 363: 543–546.

Woolf C.J. , Mannion R.J. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet. 1999; 353: 1959–1964.

McQuay H. Opioids in pain management. Lancet. 1999; 353: 2229–2232.

Besse D. , Lombard M.C. , Zakac J.M. Pre- and postsynaptic distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 1990; 521: 15–22.

Xu X.J. , Puke M.J.C. , Verge V.M.K. Up-regulation of cholecystokinin in primary sensory neurons is associated with morphine insensitivity in experimental neuropathic pain in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1993; 152: 129–132.

Stanfa L.C. , Sullivan A.F. , Dickenson A.H. Alterations in neuronal excitability and the potency of spinal mu, delta and kappa opioids after carrageenan induced inflammation. Pain. 1992; 50: 345–354.

Suzuki R. , Chapman V. , Dickenson A.H. The effectiveness of spinal and systemic morphine on rat dorsal horn neuronal responses in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 1999; 80: 215–228.

Novakovic S.D. , Tzoumaka E. , McGivern J.G. Distribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel PN3 in rat sensory neurons in normal and neuropathic conditions. J Neurosci. 1998; 18: 2174–2187.

Kingery W.S. A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes. Pain. 1997; 73: 123–139.

Rowbotham M. , Harden N. , Stacey B. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998; 280: 1837–1842.

Backonja M. , Beydoun A. , Edwards K.R. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998; 280: 1831–1836.

Javery K.B. , Ussery T.W. , Steger H.G. Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth. 1996; 43: 212–215.

Mercadante S. Ketamine in cancer pain: an update. Palliat Med. 1996; 10225–10230.

Pud D. , Eisenberg E. , Spitzer A. The NMDA receptor antagonist amantadine reduces surgical neuropathic pain in cancer patients: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 1998; 75: 349–354.