Premalignant and Malignant Prostate Lesions: Pathologic Review

Eldefrawy A. , Katkoori D. , De Los Santos R. . Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: a case report and review of the literature. UroToday Int J. 2009; 2(3).

Jemal A. , Siegel R. , Ward E. . Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 59(4): 225–249.

Begnami M.D. , Quezado M. , Pinto P. . Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007; 131(4): 637–640.

Quinn M. , Babb P. . Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality. Part I: international comparisons. BJU Int. 2002; 90(2): 162–173.

Chang J.M. , Lee H.J. , Lee S.E. . Pictorial review: unusual tumours involving the prostate: radiological-pathological findings. Br J Radiol. 2008; 81(971): 907–915.

McNeal J.E. . Origin and development of carcinoma in the prostate. Cancer. 1969; 23: 24–34.

Dhom G. . Unusual prostatic carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract. 1990; 186(1): 28–36.

Grignon D.J. . Unusual subtypes of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol. 2004; 17(3): 316–327.

Umar S.A. , Umar S.A. , MacLenna G.T. . Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 2009; 181(2): 838–839.

Anker C.J. , Dechet C. , Isaac J.C. . Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(7): 1168–1171.

Palmgren J.S. , Karavadia S.S. , Wakefield M.R. . Unusual and underappreciated: small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Semin Oncol. 2007; 34(1): 22–29.

Berruti A. , Mosca A. , Porpiglia F. . Chromogranin A expression in patients with hormone naïve prostate cancer predicts the development of hormone refractory disease. J Urol. 2007; 178(3 Pt 1): 838–843; quiz 1129.

Wang W. , Epstein J.I. . Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 95 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(1): 65–71.

Trotz C. . Prostate cancer with a normal PSA: small cell carcinoma of the prostate — a rare entity. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003; 16(4): 343–344.

Yao J.L. , Madeb R. , Bourne P. . Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30(6): 705–712.

Mazzucchelli R. , Lopez-Beltran A. , Cheng L. . Rare and unusual histological variants of prostatic carcinoma: clinical significance. BJU Int. 2008; 102(10): 1369–1374.

Yao J.L. , Huang J. , di Sant'Agnese P.A. . Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Diagn Histopathol. 2008; 14: 117–121.

Ayyathurai R. , Civantos F. , Soloway M.S. . Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: current concepts. BJU Int. 2007; 99(6): 1345–1349.

Segawa N. , Tsuji M. , Nishida T. . Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: report of a case and review of the published reports. Int J Urol. 2008; 15(6): 557–559.

Halat S.K. , MacLennan G.T. . Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 2008; 179(4): 1576.

Ali T.Z. , Epstein J.I. . Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic study of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007; 31(5): 697–705.

Hudson E. , Rashid M. , Carter A.C. . Basaloid carcinoma of the prostate: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17(5): 509–511.

McKenney J.K. , Amin M.B. , Srigley J.R. . Basal cell proliferations of the prostate other than usual basal cell hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 23 cases, including four carcinomas, with a proposed classification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004; 28(10): 1289–1298.

Iczkowski K.A. , Montironi R. . Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate strongly expresses HER-2/neu. J Clin Pathol. 2006; 59(12): 1327–1330.

Mohan H. , Bal A. , Punia R.P. . Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Urol. 2003; 10(2): 114–116.

Palou J. , Baniel J. , Klotz L. . Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Urology. 2007; 69(1 Suppl): 50–61.

Njinou Ngninkeu B. , Lorge F. , Moulin P. . Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate: a clinicopathological retrospective study of 76 cases. J Urol. 2003; 169(1): 149–152.

Rogers C.G. , Parwani A. , Tekes A. . Carcinosarcoma of the prostate with urothelial and squamous components. J Urol. 2005; 173(2): 439–440.

Lopez-Beltran A. , Cheng L. , Prieto R. . Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the prostate. Hum Pathol. 2009; 40(7): 982–987.

McNeal J.E. , Bostwick D.G. . Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant lesion of the prostate. Hum Pathol. 1986; 17: 64–71.

Epstein J.I. , Allsbrook WC Jr , Amin M.B. . The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29(9): 1228–1242.

Putzi M.J. , De Marzo A.M. . Morphologic transitions between proliferative inflammatory atrophy and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology. 2000; 56(5): 828–832.

Bostwick D.G. , Qian J. . High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod Pathol. 2004; 17(3): 360–379.

Joniau S. , Goeman L. , Pennings J. . Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): importance and clinical management. Eur Urol. 2005; 48(3): 379–385.

Cerveira N. , Ribeiro F.R. , Peixoto A. . TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion causing ERG overexpression precedes chromosome copy number changes in prostate carcinomas and paired HGPIN lesions. Neoplasia. 2006; 8(10): 826–832.

Perner S. , Mosquera J.M. , Demichelis F. . TMPRSS2-ERG fusion prostate cancer: an early molecular event associated with invasion. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007; 31(6): 882–888.

Mackinnon A.C. , Yan B.C. , Joseph L.J. . Molecular biology underlying the clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer: an update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009; 133(7): 1033–1040.

Lotan T.L. , Toubaji A. , Albadine R. . TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions are infrequent in prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2009; 22(3): 359–365.

Ayala A.G. , Ro J.Y. . Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: recent advances. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007; 131(8): 1257–1266.

Epstein J.I. , Herawi M. . Prostate needle biopsies containing prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical foci suspicious for carcinoma: implications for patient care. J Urol. 2006; 175(3 Pt 1): 820–834.

Melissari M. , Lopez Beltran A. , Mazzucchelli R. . High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with squamous differentiation. J Clin Pathol. 2006; 59(4): 437–439.

Tavora F. , Epstein J.I. . High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-like ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic study of 28 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(7): 1060–1067.

Godoy G. , Taneja S.S. . Contemporary clinical management of isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008; 11(1): 20–31.

Tan P.H. , Tan H.W. , Tan Y. . Is high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy different in an Asian population: a clinicopathologic study performed in Singapore. Urology. 2006; 68(4): 800–803.

Bishara T. , Ramnani D.M. , Epstein J.I. . High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy: risk of cancer on repeat biopsy related to number of involved cores and morphologic pattern. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004; 28(5): 629–633.

Guo C.C. , Epstein J.I. . Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: Histologic features and clinical significance. Mod Pathol. 2006; 19(12): 1528–1535.

Kronz J.D. , Allan C.H. , Shaikh A.A. . Predicting cancer following a diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy: data on men with more than one follow-up biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001; 25(8): 1079–1085.

Abdel-Khalek M. , El-Baz M. , Ibrahiem el-H . Predictors of prostate cancer on extended biopsy in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a multivariate analysis model. BJU Int. 2004; 94(4): 528–533.

Netto G.J. , Epstein J.I. . Widespread high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostatic needle biopsy: a significant likelihood of subsequently diagnosed adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30(9): 1184–1188.

Akhavan A. , Keith J.D. , Bastacky S.I. . The proportion of cores with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on extended-pattern needle biopsy is significantly associated with prostate cancer on site-directed repeat biopsy. BJU Int. 2007; 99(4): 765–769.

Godoy G. , Taneja S.S. . Contemporary clinical management of isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008; 11(1): 20–31.

Schoenfield L. , Jones J.S. , Zippe C.D. . The incidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical glands suspicious for carcinoma on first-time saturation needle biopsy, and the subsequent risk of cancer. BJU Int. 2007; 99(4): 770–774.

Herawi M. , Kahane H. , Cavallo C. . Risk of prostate cancer on first rebiopsy within 1 year following a diagnosis of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is related to the number of cores sampled. J Urol. 2006; 175(1): 121–124.

Naya Y. , Ayala A.G. , Tamboli P. . Can the number of cores with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia predict cancer in men who undergo repeat biopsy? Urology. 2004; 63(3): 503–508.

Girasole C.R. , Cookson M.S. , Putzi M.J. . Significance of atypical and suspicious small acinar proliferations, and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate biopsy: implications for cancer detection and biopsy strategy. J Urol. 2006; 175(3 Pt 1): 929–33; discussion 933.

Meyer F. , Têtu B. , Bairati I. . Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TURP specimens and subsequent prostate cancer. Can J Urol. 2006; 13(5): 3255–3260.

Wu C.L. , Yang X.J. , Tretiakova M. . Analysis of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 2004; 35(8): 1008–1013.

Stewart J. , Fleshner N. , Cole H. . Prognostic significance of alphamethylacyl-coA racemase among men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate biopsies. J Urol. 2008; 179(5): 1751–1755; discussion 1755.

Morote J. , Fernández S. , Alaña L. . PTOV1 expression predicts prostate cancer in men with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsy. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14(9): 2617–2622.

Bostwick D.G. , Meiers I. . Atypical small acinar proliferation in the prostate: clinical significance in 2006. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(7): 952–957.

Leite K.R. , Camara-Lopes L.H. , Cury J. . Prostate cancer detection at rebiopsy after an initial benign diagnosis: results using sextant extended prostate biopsy. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008; 63(3): 339–342.

Montironi R. , Scattoni V. , Mazzucchelli R. . Atypical foci suspicious but not diagnostic of malignancy in prostate needle biopsies (also referred to as “atypical small acinar proliferation suspicious for but not diagnostic of malignancy”). Eur Urol. 2006; 50(4): 666–674.

Epstein J.I. , Herawi M. . Prostate needle biopsies containing prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical foci suspicious for carcinoma: implications for patient care. J Urol. 2006; 175(3 Pt 1): 820–834.

Mallén E. , Gil P. , Sancho C. , Jesús Gil M. . Atypical small acinar proliferation: review of a series of 64 patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006; 40(4): 272–275.