Surgical and Molecular Pathology of Barrett Esophagus

Wang K.K. , Sampliner R.E. ; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Updated guidelines 2008 for diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103(3): 788–797.

Rashid F. , Khan R.N. , Iftikhar S.Y. . Probing the link between oestrogen receptors and oesophageal cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2010; 8: 9.

Pohl H. , Welch H.G. . The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(2): 142–146.

Gamliel Z. , Krasna M.J. . Multimodality treatment of esophageal cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 2005; 85(3): 621–630.

Coppola D. , Nasir N.A. , Turner L. . Genesis of Barrett's neoplasia: current concepts. In: Coppola D. , ed. Mechanisms of Oncogenesis. The Netherlands: Springer; 2010: 213–224.

Bremner C.G. , Lynch V.P. , Ellis F.H. Jr . Barrett's esophagus: congenital or acquired? An experimental study of esophageal mucosal regeneration in the dog. Surgery. 1970; 68(1): 209–216.

Hamilton S.R. , Yardley J.H. . Regenerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. Gastroenterology. 1977; 72 (4 pt 1): 669–675.

Dent J. , Bremner C.G. , Collen M.J. . Barrett's oesophagus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991; 6(1): 1–22.

Collen M.J. , Lewis J.H. , Benjamin S.B. . Gastric acid hypersecretion in refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 1990; 98(3): 654–661.

Mulholland M.W. , Reid B.J. , Levine D.S. . Elevated gastric acid secretion in patients with Barrett's metaplastic epithelium. Dig Dis Sci. 1989; 34(9): 1329–1334.

Coppola D. , Karl R.C. . Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated neoplasia: etiology and pathologic features. Cancer Control. 1999; 6(1): 21–27.

Meyer W. , Vollmar F. , Bär W. . Barrett-esophagus following total gastrectomy. A contribution to its pathogenesis. Endoscopy. 1979; 11(2): 121–126.

Fisher D.R. , Preston D.F. , Robinson R.G. . Barrett's esophagus complicating lye ingestion. Demonstration by pertechnetate scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 1983; 8(11): 550–552.

Kubo A. , Levin T.R. , Block G. . Cigarette smoking and the risk of Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Causes Control. 2009; 20(3): 303–311.

El-Serag H.B. , Lagergren J. . Alcohol drinking and the risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136(4): 1155–1157.

Rubenstein J.H. , Inadomi J.M. , Scheiman J. . Association between Helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 12(2): 239–245.

Othersen H.B. Jr , Ocampo R.J. , Parker E.F. . Barrett's esophagus in children. Diagnosis and management. Ann Surg. 1993; 217(6): 676–681.

Grotenhuis B.A. , van Lanschot J.B. , Dinjens W.N. . The pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia and the progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. In: Schneider P.M. , ed. Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction. Berlin: Springer; 2010: 39–63.

Jankowski J.A. , Wright N.A. , Meltzer S.J. . Molecular evolution of the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Pathol. 1999; 154(4): 965–973.

Haggitt R.C. , Tryzelaar J. , Ellis F.H. . Adenocarcinoma complicating columnar epithelium-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Am J Clin Pathol. 1978; 70(1): 1–5.

Goldblum J.R. . Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-related dysplasia. Mod Pathol. 2003; 16(4): 316–324.

Haggitt R.C. . Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a new epidemic? Hum Pathol. 1992; 23(5): 475–476.

Blot W.J. . Esophageal cancer trends and risk factors. Semin Oncol. 1994; 21(4): 403–410.

Winters C. Jr , Spurling T.J. , Chobanian S.J. . Barrett's esophagus. A prevalent, occult complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 1987; 92(1): 118–124.

Spechler S.J. , Souza R.F. . Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(9): 836–845.

DeMeeter T.R. , Attwood S.E. , Smyrk T.C. . Surgical therapy in Barrett's esophagus. Ann Surg. 1990; 212(4): 528–542.

Palley S.L. , Sampliner R.E. , Garewal H.S. . Management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1989; 11(4): 369–372.

Montgomery E. , Canto M.I. . Management of high-grade dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 4(12): 1434–1439.

Woolf G.M. , Riddell R.H. , Irvine E.J. . A study to examine agreement between endoscopy and histology for the diagnosis of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989; 35(6): 541–544.

Montgomery E. , Kalloo A.N. . Endoscopic mucosal biopsy: histopathological interpretation. In: Yamada T. , ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2009.

Brown I.S. , Whiteman D.C. , Lauwers G.Y. . Foveolar type dysplasia in Barrett esophagus. Mod Pathol. 2010; 23(6): 834–843.

Spechler S.J. , Sharma P. , Souza R.F. ; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140(3): 1084–1091.

Cameron A.J. , Souto E.O. , Smyrk T.C. . Small adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction: association with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97(6): 1375–1380.

Cameron A.J. , Lomboy C.T. , Pera M. . Adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction and Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2009; 40(1): 65–74.

Takubo K. , Aida J. , Naomoto Y. . Cardiac rather than intestinal-type background in endoscopic resection specimens of minute Barrett adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2009; 40(1): 65–74.

Chandrasoma P. , Wickramasinghe K. , Ma Y. . Is intestinal metaplasia a necessary precursor lesion for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and gastric cardia? Dis Esophagus. 2007; 20(1): 36–41.

Kelty C. , Gough M.D. , Van Wyk Q. . Barrett's oesophagus: intestinal metaplasia is not essential for cancer risk. Scand J Gastoenterol. 2007; 42(11): 1271–1274.

Barr H. , Upton M.P. , Orlando R.C. . Barrett's esophagus: histology and immunohistology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011; 1232: 76–92.

Liu W. , Hahn H. , Odze R.D. . Metaplastic esophageal columnar epithelium without goblet cells shows DNA content abnormalities similar to goblet cell–containing epithelium. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104(4): 816–824.

Romagnoli S. , Roncalli M. , Graziani D. . Molecular alterations of Barrett's esophagus on microdissected endoscopic biopsies. Lab Invest. 2001; 81(2): 241–247.

Riddell R.H. , Goldman H. , Ransohoff D.F. . Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol. 1983; 14(11): 931–968.

Horvath B. , Singh P. , Xie H. . Risk for esophageal in Barrett's esophagus patients with mucosal changes indefinite for dysplasia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 30(2): 262–267.

Goldblum J.R. , Liu X. . Role of histology and cytology in esophageal diseases. In: Richter J.E. , Castell D.O. , eds. The Esophagus. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.

Montgomery E. , Bronner M.P. , Goldblum J.R. . Reproducibility of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus: a reaffirmation. Hum Pathol. 2001; 32(4): 368–378.

Odze R.D. . Diagnosis and grading of dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. J Clin Pathol. 2006; 59(10): 1029–1038.

Montgomery E.A. . Barrett esophagus and esophageal neoplasms. In: Montgomery E.A. , Voltaggio L. . Biopsy Interpretation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Mucosa. 2nd ed., vol. 1, non-neoplastic. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.

Montgomery E. . Tumors of the esophagus. In: Iacobuzio-Donahue C.A. , Montgomery E. . Gastrointestinal and Livery Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.

Montgomery E. , Bronner M.P. , Greenson J.K. . Are ulcers a marker for invasive carcinoma in Barrett's esophagus? Data from a diagnostic variability study with clinical follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97(1): 27–31.

Zhu W. , Appelman H.D. , Greenson J.K. . A histologically defined subset of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett mucosa is predictive of associated carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009; 132(1): 94–100.

Konda V.J. , Ross A.S. , Ferguson M.K. . Is the risk of concomitant invasive esophageal cancer in high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus overestimated? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6(2): 159–164.

Weston A P. , Sharma P. , Topalovski M. . Long-term follow-up of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000; 95(8): 1888–1893.

Bani-Hani K.E. , Bani-Hani B.K. . Columnar lined (Barrett's) esophagus: future perspectives. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 23(2): 178–191.

Booth C.L. , Thompson K.S. . Barrett's esophagus: a review of diagnostic criteria, clinical surveillance practices and new developments. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2012; 3(3): 232–242.

Lomo L.C. , Blount P.L. , Sanchez C.A. . Crypt dysplasia with surface maturation: a clinical, pathologic, and molecular study of a Barrett's esophagus cohort. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30(4): 423–435.

Coco D.P. , Goldblum J.R. , Hornick J.L. . Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of crypt dysplasia in Barrett esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011; 35(1): 45–54.

Voltaggio L. , Montgomery E.A. . Histopathology of Barret esophagus. Diagn Histopoathol. 2011; 17(2): 41–49.

Morales T.G. , Sampliner R.E. , Bhattachayya A. . Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92(3): 414–418.

Spechler S.J. . The role of gastric carditis in metaplasia and neoplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. Gastroenterology. 1999; 117(1): 218–28.

Brand D.L. , Ylvisaker J.T. , Gelfand M. . Regression of columnar esophageal (Barrett's) epithelium after anti-reflux surgery. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302(15): 844–848.

Kojima T. , Parra-Blanco A. , Takahashi H. . Outcome of endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: review of the Japanese literature. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 48(5): 550–550.

Schnell T.G. , Sontag S.J. , Chejfec G. . Long-term nonsurgical management of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120(7): 1607–1619.

Ell C. , May A. , Pech O. . Curative endoscopic resection of early esophageal adenocarcinomas (Barrett's cancer). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65(1): 3–10.

Huang Y. , Boynton R.F. , Blount P.L. . Loss of heterozygosity involves multiple tumour suppressor genes in human esophageal cancers. Cancer Res. 1992; 52(23): 6525–6530.

Reid B.J. , Sanchez C.A. , Blount P.L. . Barrett's esophagus: cell cycle abnormalities in advancing stages of neoplastic progression. Gastroenterology. 1993; 105(1): 119–129.

Bailey T. , Biddlestone L. , Shepherd N. . Altered cadherin/catenin complexes in the Barrett's esophagus dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence: correlation with disease progression and dedifferentiation. Am J Pathol. 1998; 152(1): 135–144.

Ohbu M. , Kobayashi N. , Okayasu I. . Expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the multistep process of oesophageal carcinogenesis: stepwise overexpression of cyclin E and p53, reduction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and dysregulation of cyclin D1 and p27(KIP1). Histopathology. 2001; 39(6): 589–596.

Novotna K. , Trkova M. , Pazdro A. . TP53 gene mutations are rare in nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Digest Dis Sci. 2006; 51(1): 110–113.

Bian Y.S. , Osterheld M.C. , Bosman F.T. . p53 gene mutation and protein accumulation during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Mod Pathol. 2001; 14(5): 397–403.

Srivastava A. , Hornick J.L. , Li X. . Extent of low-grade dysplasia is a risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102(3): 483–493.

Kastelein F. , Biermann K. , Steyerberg E.W. ; ProBar-study group. Aberrant p53 protein expression is associated with an increased risk of neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2013; 62(12): 1676–1683.

Hu Y. , Bandla S. , Godfrey T.E. . HER2 amplification, overexpression and score criteria in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011; 24(7): 899–907.

Jiang K. , Henderson-Jackson E. , Almhanna K. . Immunohistochemical expression of HER2-neu in gastroesophageal intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Abstract presented at: American Society for Clinical Pathology Annual Meeting; Tampa, FL; October 8-10, 2014.

Tischoff I. , Tannapfel A. . Barrett's esophagus: can biomarkers predict progression to malignancy? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 2(5): 653–663.

Brankley S.M. , Wang K.K. , Harwood A.R. . The development of a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. J Mol Diagn. 2006; 8(2): 260–267.

Selaru F.M. , Zou T. , Xu Y. . Global gene expression profiling in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer: a comparative analysis using cDNA microarrays. Oncogene. 2002; 21(3): 475–478.

Helm J. , Enkemann S.A. , Coppola D. . Dedifferentiation precedes invasion in the progression from Barrett's metaplasia to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11(7): 2478–2485.

Hao Y. , Triadafilopoulos G. , Sahbaie P. . Gene expression profiling reveals stromal genes expressed in common between Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131(3): 925–933.

Ito T. , Tanaka E. , Kadowaki T. . An ultrasensitive new DNA microarray chip provides gene expression profiles for preoperative esophageal cancer biopsies without RNA amplification. Oncology. 2007; 73 (5-6): 366–375.

Kan T. , Meltzer S.J. . MicroRNAs in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009; 9(6): 727–732.

Pacifici M. , Delbue S. , Ferrante P. . Cerebrospinal fluid miRNA profile in HIV-encephalitis. J Cell Physiol. 2013; 228(5): 1070–1075.

Yang H. , Gu J. , Wang K.K. . MicroRNA expression signatures in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15(18): 5744–5752.