Reforms as A rguments

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ackoff, R.L. (1974) Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems New York: John Wiley.

Bernstein, I.N. and H. Freeman ( 1975) Academic and Entrepreneurial Research New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Brock, B.L. , Chesebro. J.W. , Cragan. J.F. , and J. F. Klumpp (1973) Public Policy Decision Making: Systems Analysis and the Comparative Advantages Debate New York: Harper & Row.

Brockriede, W. and D. Ehninger (1960) "Toulmin on argument: an interpretation and application." Q. J. of Speech 46: 44-53.

Brown, P.G. (1976) "Ethics and policy research." Policy Analysis 2: 325-340.

BUCHLER, J. [ed.] (1955) Philosophical Writings of Peirce. New York: Dover.

Campbell, D.T. (1979a) "Comments on the sociobiology of ethics and moralizing." Behavioral Sci. 24: 37-45.

——— (1979b) "A tribal model of the social system vehicle carrying scientific knowledge." Knowledge 1: 181-202.

——— (1975a) "Assessing the impact of planned social change," pp. 3-45 in G. M. Lyons (ed.) Social Research and Public Policies. Hanover, NH: Public Affairs Center, Dart-mouth College .

10.

——— (1975b) "Reforms as experiments," pp. 71-100 in E. L. Struening and M. Guttentag (eds.) Handbook of Evaluation Research (Vol. 1). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

11.

——— (1974a) "Evolutionary epistemology," pp. 413-463 in P. A. Schilpp (ed.) The Philosophy of Karl Popper. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Press.

12.

——— (1974b) "Qualitative knowing in action research." Kurt Lewin Award Address, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, American Psychological Association, New Orleans, September 1.

13.

——— (1971) "Methods for the experimenting society." Presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C, September 5.

14.

——— (1959) "Methodological suggestions from a comparative psychology of knowledge processes." Inquiry 2: 152-182.

15.

Campbell, D.T. and Fiske. D.W. (1959) "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix." Psych. Bull. 56: 81-105.

16.

Campbell, D.T. and J.C. Stanley (1963) Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.

17.

Caplan, N. (1979) "The two-communities theory and knowledge utilization." Amer. Behavioral Scientist 22: 459-470.

18.

Coleman J.S. (1972) Policy Research in the Social Sciences Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

19.

Cook, T.D. and D.T. Campbell (1979) Quasi-Experimentation Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.

20.

Dunn, W.N. (1981) Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

21.

——— and B. Fozouni (1976) Toward a Critical Administrative Theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

22.

Dunn, W.N. , Mitroff. I.I. and Deutsch. S.J. (1982) "The obsolescence ofevaluation research." Evaluation and Program Planning 4, 1.

23.

Edwards, W. , M. Guttentag , and K. Snapper (1975) "A decision-theoretic approach to evaluation research," pp. 139-182in E. L. Struening and M. Guttentag (eds.) Handbook of Evaluation Research . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

24.

Gewirth, A. (1979) Reason in Morality Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

25.

——— (1960) "Positive ethics and normative science." Philosophical Rev. 69: 311-330.

26.

Gregg, G. , T. Preston , A. Geist , and N. Caplan (1979) "The caravan rolls on: forty years of social problem research." Knowledge 1: 31-61.

27.

Habermas, J. (1975) Legitimation Crisis. Boston : Beacon Press.

28.

——— (1971) Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston: Beacon Press.

29.

Hesse, M. (1980) Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science Bloomington: Univ. of Indiana Press.

30.

Holzner, B. (1969) Reality Construction in Society. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.

31.

——— and E. Fisher (1979) "Knowledge in use: considerations in the sociology of knowledge application." Knowledge 1: 219-244.

32.

Holzner, B. and J. Marx (1979) Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society Boston: Allyn and Bacon .

33.

——— and E. Fisher (1977) "Paul Lazarsfeld and the study of knowledge applications." Soc. Focus 10(2): 97-116.

34.

House, E.R. (1980) Evaluating with Validity Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

35.

——— (1977) The Logic of Evaluative Argument. CSE Monograph Series in Evaluation 7 Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation, University of California.

36.

Kelly, E.F. (1980) "Evaluation as persuasion: a practical argument." Educ. Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2(5): 35-38.

37.

Kimball, A.W. (1957) "Errors of the third kind in statistical consulting." J. of the Amer. Stat. Assn. 52: 133-142.

38.

Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981) "Time and context in practical action: on the preconditions of knowledge use." Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 3: 143-165.

39.

Kuhn, T.S. (1971) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

40.

Laudan, L. (1981) "Overestimating underdetermination: caveats concerning the social causes of belief." Pittsburgh: Center for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh. (unpublished)

41.

——— (1977) Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Berkeley : Univ. of California Press.

42.

Lazarsfeld, P.F. and J. Reitz (1975) An Introduction to Applied Sociology New York: Elsevier.

43.

Levine, M. and Rosenberg. N.S. (1979) "An adversary model of fact finding and decision making for program evaluation: theoretical considerations," in H. C. Schulberg and F. Baker (eds.) Program Evaluation in the Health Fields (Vol. 2). New York: Human Sciences Press.

44.

Levison, A. (1966) "Knowledge and society." Inquiry 9: 132-146.

45.

Lindblom, C.E. and Cohen. D.K. (1979) Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.

46.

Lowry, R.P. (1974) Social Problems: A Critical Analysis of Theories and Public Policy Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.

47.

MacIntyre, A. (1973) "Ideology, social science, and revolution." Comparative Politics 5(3).

48.

MacRae, D.Jr , (1976a) The Social Function of Social Science New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.

49.

——— (1976b) "Technical communities and political choice." Minerva 14: 169-190.

50.

Malinowski, B. (1948) Magic, Science, and Religion and Other Essays New York: Macmillan.

51.

Marascuilo, L.A. and Levin. J.R. (1970) "Appropriate post hoc comparisons for interaction and nested hypotheses in analysis of variance designs: the elimination of Type IV errors." Amer. Educ. Research J. 7(3): 39-42.

52.

Mason, R.O. and Mitroff. I.I. (1981) "Policy analysis as argument," in W. N. Dunn (ed.) Symposium on Social Values and Public Policy. Policy Studies J. Special Issue 2: 579-584.

53.

Merton, R.K. (1976) Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays New York: Macmillan.

54.

——— (1973) The Sociology of Science Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

55.

Michalos A.D. (1981) "Facts, values, and rational decision making," in W. N. Dunn (ed.) Symposium on Social Values and Public Policy. Policy Studies J. Special Issue 2: 544-551.

56.

Mitroff, I.I. (1974) The Subjective Side of Science New York: Elsevier.

57.

——— and F. Sagasti (1973) "Epistemology as general systems theory: an approach to the design of complex decision-making experiments." Philosophy of Social Sciences 3: 117-134.

58.

Montague, W.P. (1925) The Ways of Knowing New York : Macmillan.

59.

Patton, M.Q. ( 1978) Utilization-Focused Evaluation Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

60.

——— (1975) Alternative Evaluation Research Paradigm. North Dakota Study Group on Evaluation Monograph Series Grand Forks: Univ. of North Dakota.

61.

Phillips, D. (1973) Abandoning Method San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.

62.

Polanyi, M. (1967) "The growth of science in society." Minerva 5: 533-545.

63.

Popper, K.R. (1963) Conjectures and Refutations New York: Basic Books.

64.

——— (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery New York: Basic Books.

65.

Raiffa, H. (1968) Decision Analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

66.

Rein, M. (1976) Social Science and Public Policy Baltimore: Penguin.

67.

——— and S. White (1977) "Policy research: belief and doubt." Policy Analysis 3: 239-272.

68.

Rivlin, A.M. (1973) "Forensic social science," in Perspectives on Inequality, Harvard Educ Rev. Reprint Series 8.

69.

Rose, R. (1977) "Disciplined research and undisciplined problems," in C. H. Weiss (ed.) Using Social Research in Public Policy Making. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath .

70.

Salasin, S. (1973) "Experimentation revisited: a conversation with Donald T. Campbell." Evaluation 1: 7-13.

71.

Strauch, R.E. (1976) "A critical look at quantitative methodology." Policy Analysis 2: 121-144.

72.

Suchman, E. (1972) "Action for what? A critique of evaluation research," in C. H. Weiss (ed.) Evaluating Action Programs. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

73.

Toulmin, S. (1958) The Uses of Argument. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press.

74.

——— R. Rieke , and A. Janik (1979) An Introduction to Reasoning New York: Macmillan.

75.

Trend, M.G. (1978) "On the reconciliation of qualitative and quantitative analysis: a case study." Human Organization 37: 345-354.

76.

Tribe, L. (1972) "Policy science: analysis or ideology." Philosophy and Public Affairs 2: 66-110.

77.

von Wright, G. (1971) Explanation and Understanding Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.

78.

Wallace, W. (1971) The Logic of Science in Sociology Chicago: Aldine.

79.

Watzlawick, P. , J. Weakland , and R. Fisch (1974) Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Resolution New York: W. W. Norton.

80.

Webb, E.J. , D.T. Campbell , R.D. Schwartz and Sechrest. L.B. ( 1966) Unobtrusive Measures Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.

81.

Webber, D.J. (1980) "Conflicting worldviews, competing disciplinary matrices, and the utilization of systematic policy analysis." Presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C, August 28-31.

82.

WEISS, C. H. [ed.] (1977) Using Social Research in Public Policy Making. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.

83.

——— with M. J. Bucuvalas (1980a) Social Science Research and Decision-Making New York: Columbia Univ. Press.

84.

Weiss, C.H. and Bucuvalas. M.J. (1980b) "Truth tests and utility tests: decision makers' frames of reference for social science." Amer. Soc. Rev. 45: 302-312.

85.

Whitehead, A.N. and B. Russell (1910) Principia Mathematica (Vol. 1) Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press.

86.

Willard, C.A. (1980a) "Some questions about Toulmin's view of argument fields." Pittsburgh: Department of Speech, University of Pittsburgh. (unpublished)

87.

——— (1980b) A Theory of Argumentation. Pittsburgh: Department of Speech, University of Pittsburgh . (unpublished)

88.

——— (1978) "A reformulation of the concept of argument: the constructivist/interactionist foundations of a sociology of argument." J. of the Amer. Forensic Assn. 14: 121-140.

89.

Williams, W. (1971) Social Policy Research and Analysis: The Experience in the Federal Social Agencies New York: Elsevier.

90.

Zaltman, G. (1979) "Knowledge utilization as planned social change." Knowledge 1: 82-105.